Bachman, J. G., Freedman-Doan, P., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., & Segal, D. R. (1999). Changing patterns of drug use among US military recruits before and after enlistment.  AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 89 (5): 672-677.
    ABSTRACT: Objectives. The US armed forces adopted "zero tolerance" policies concerning illicit drug use in 1980 and later developed policies to discourage tobacco and alcohol abuse. This article examines drug use among young active-duty recruits both before and after enlistment compared with non-military age-mates, and documents historical shifts in such drug use across 2 decades. Methods. Analyses employed longitudinal panel data from 20 nationally representative samples of high school seniors (cohorts of 1976-1995), each surveyed just before graduation and again within 2 years. Separate analyses for men (n = 12 082) and women (n = 15 345) contrasted those who entered military service college, and civilian employment. Results. Illicit drug use declined more among young military recruits than among their civilian counterparts. Analyses of male recruits at multiple time periods showed (1) declines in the prevalence of marijuana use and cocaine use after the initiation of routine military drug testing and (2) lower proportions of smokers of half a pack or more of cigarettes per day who entered service after the initiation of tobacco bans during basic training. Conclusions. Recent military drug policies appear to deter illicit drug use among enlistees and discourage some smokers from enlisting.

Baker, D., & North, K. (1999). Does employment improve the health of lone mothers? SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE 49 (1): 121-131, July.

Bauman, A., Smith, B., Stoker, L., Bellew, B., & Booth, M. (1999). Geographical influences upon physical activity participation: evidence of a 'coastal effect'. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 23 (3): 322-324, June.
    ABSTRACT: Objective: To examine the association between geographical proximity to the coast and physical activity participation levels. Method: Using stratified random sampling, a telephone survey was carried out in 1994 with 1000 adults in each of the 16 health service regions in New South Wales (N = 16178). Physical activity levels were measured through self-report of the frequency and duration of walking, moderate and vigorous activities in the two weeks preceding the survey. Logistic regression modeling was carried out to examine the association between physical activity and 'coastal' location of residence, adjusting for age, sex, employment status, education level and country of birth. Results: After adjusting for other demographic factors, respondents who lived in a coastal postcode were 23% less likely to be classified as sedentary, 27% more likely to report levels of activity considered adequate for health, and 38% more likely to report high (vigorous) levels of physical activity than those who lived inland. Each of these associations was significant at the 0.05 level. Conclusions: Characteristics of the physical environment in coastal postcodes are related to physical activity participation. Implications: Physical environments may contribute to physical activity participation. Further efforts to conceptualize and measure these environmental influences is warranted. Public health efforts to promote physical activity should consider aspects of the physical environment as part of any intervention.

Berlow, E. L. (1999). Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities. NATURE 398 (6725), MAR 25.

Bernstein, M. S., Morabia, A., & Sloutskis, D. (1999). Definition and prevalence of sedentarism in an urban population.  AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 89 (6): 862-867.
    ABSTRACT: Objectives. The present study sought to formulate a precise definition of sedentarism and to identify activities performed by active people that could serve as effective preventive goals. Methods. A population-based sample of 919 residents of Geneva, Switzerland, aged 35 to 74 years, completed a 24-hour recall. Sedentary people were defined as those expending less than 10% of their daily energy in the performance of moderate- and high-intensity activities (at least 4 times the basal metabolism rate). Results. The rates of sedentarism were 79.5% in men and 87.2% in women. Among Sedentary and active men, average daily energy expenditures were 2600 kcal (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2552, 2648) and 3226 kcal (95% CI = 3110, 3346), respectively; the corresponding averages for women were 2092 kcal (95% CI = 2064, 2120) and 2356 kcal (95% CI = 2279, 2440). The main moderate- and high-intensity activities among active people were sports (tennis, gymnastics, skiing), walking, climbing stairs, gardening, and (for men only) occupational activities. Conclusions. The definition of sedentarism outlined in this article can be reproduced in other populations, allows comparisons across studies, and provides preventive guidelines in that the activities most frequently performed by active people arts the ones most likely to be adopted by their sedentary peers.

Burton, M. V., Warren, R., Price, D., & Earl, H. (1998). Psychological predictors of attendance at annual breast screening examinations. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER 77 (11): 2014-2019.
    ABSTRACT: This retrospective analysis of psychological predictors of attendance studied the women from the annual screening arm of the United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research (UKCCCR) trial of annual screening mammography for the early detection of breast cancer. Some women attended screening at the first invitation in year 1 (attendees), others did not attend for screening at any time (non-attendees), whereas a third group delayed attending until year 2 (ambivalent attendees). A total of 147 women were recruited to the study: 80 attendees, 28 non-attendees and 39 ambivalent attendees. It proved extremely difficult to contact non-attendees to take part in the study. Non-attendees were significantly more depressed on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; had experienced more miscarriages, stillbirths or terminations of pregnancy; were less knowledgeable about mammography; and were displeased to have received an invitation to screening. Whereas non-attendees are unlikely ever to attend breast screening because of their long-standing altitudes and preferred coping styles, ambivalent attendees may become more amenable to screening with the passage of time. In this study such women were persuaded to attend in year 2 with a simple, cost-effective intervention: an additional invitation letter after a year.

Knowles, J. (1999). Nicotine withdrawal and road accidents. NATURE 400 (6740 ), 8 July.
    Go to (free-registration required): http://www.nature.com/server-java/Propub/nature/400128A0.abs_frameset

Koivusilta, . L. K. Rimpela, A. H., & Rimpela, M. K. (1999). Health-related lifestyle in adolescence-origin of social class differences in health? HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 14(3): 339-355.
    ABSTRACT

Kraft, D. P. (1988). "The Prevention and Treatment of Alcohol Problems on a College Campus," Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 34: 37-51.

Author's abstract: Efforts in reduction of alcohol problems at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst continue to focus on the prevention and treatment of drinking problems as they build on the understanding gained from 10 years experience with their Demonstration Alcohol Education Program and with other campus programs. Prevention of alcohol problems must concentrate on changing behaviors related to student drinking. Programs need to focus on reducing alcohol problems, not solely on preventing alcoholism. Intervention strategies must address both individual and group behaviors. A theoretical model of behavior change, such as the Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975) can guide interventions and their subsequent evaluation. At the University of Massachusetts, the public health model called PRECEDE is used to suggest systematic ways of changing individual and group forms of behavior. A schematic model of prevention strategies can be used to generate ideas for the activities and methods of a program. On an individual basis, it has been difficult to measure or confirm program effects at the University. On a group level, important changes have occurred in the planning of nondrinking parties and the availability of alternative drinks. Peer confrontation with alcohol abusers has become more frequent. On the institutional level, consistent alcohol policies and support for those with alcohol problems has increased. Basic lessons learned from the operation of this program generally indicated the long-term commitment required, the need to focus on specific problems rather than general admonitions, and the need for combinations of regulatory and educational strategies. 18 references.

Laden, F., & Hunter, D. J. (1998). Environmental risk factors and female breast cancer.   ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH 19: 101-123.
    ABSTRACT

Markens, S., Browner, C. H., & Press, N. (1999). 'Because of the risks': how US pregnant women account for refusing prenatal screening. SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE 49 (3): 359-369, August.

McNeil, C. (1999). Can Guidelines Be Integrated Into Everyday Practice? The NCCN in Year 4.  JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE 91: 753-755.
    FULL-TEXT

Nelson, N. J. (1999). Purple Carrots, Margarine Laced With Wood Pulp? Nutraceuticals Move Into the Supermarket.  JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE 91: 755-757.
    FULL-TEXT

Niaura, R., Marcus, B., Abrams, D.  (1998).  Exercise, smoking cessation, and short-term changes in serum lipids in women: a preliminary investigation.   MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE  30 (9): 1414-1418.

O'Malley, P.M., & Johnston, L.D. (1999). Drinking and driving among US high school seniors, 1984-1997.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 89 (5): 678-684.
    ABSTRACT: Objectives. This article reports the prevalence of, and tens in, driving after drinking and riding in a car with a driver who has been drinking among American high school seniors, based on data from more than a decade (1984-1997) of annual national surveys. Methods. Logistic regressions were used to assess the effects of demographic factors (gender, region of country, population density, parental education and race/ethnicity) and selected "lifestyle" factors (religious commitment high school grades, truancy, illicit drug use, evenings out per week, and miles driven per week). Results. Rates of adolescent driving after drinking and riding with a driver who had been drinking declined significantly from the mid-1980s to the early or mid-1990s, but the declines have not continued in recent years. Rates of driving or riding after drinking were higher among high school seniors who are male, White, living in the western and northeastern regions of the United States, and living in rural areas. Truancy, number of evenings out, and illicit drug use all related significantly positively with the dependent variables, whereas grade point average and religious commitment had a negative relationship. Miles driven per week related positively to driving after drinking.

Paine, L. L., Lang, J. M., Strobino, D. M., Johnson, T. R. B., DeJoseph, J. F., Declercq, E. R., Gagnon, D. R., Scupholme, A., & Ross, A. (1999). Characteristics of nurse-midwife patients and visits, 1991. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 89 (6): 906-909.
    ABSTRACT: Objectives. This study describes the patient populations seen by and visits made to certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) in the United States. Methods. Prospective data on 16729 visits were collected from 369 CNMs randomly selected from a 1991 population survey. Population estimates were derived from a multistage survey design with probability sampling. Results. We estimated that approximately 5.4 million visits were made to nearly 3000 CNMs nationwide in 1991. Most visits involved maternity care, although fully 20% were for cafe outside the maternity cycle. Patients considered vulnerable to poor access or outcomes made 7 of every 10 visits. Conclusions. Nurse-midwives substantially contribute to the health care of women nationwide, especially for vulnerable populations.

Pescatello, L. S., & Murphy, D. (1998). Lower intensity physical activity is advantageous for fat distribution and blood glucose among viscerally obese older adults. MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE 30 (9): 1408-1413.

Roeper, P.J., & Voas, R.B. (1999). Underage drivers are separating drinking from driving. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 89 (5): 755-757.
    ABSTRACT: Objectives. From 1985 to 1995, drivers younger than 21 years experienced a 50% drop in fatal crashes involving alcohol. This study addresses whether the decrease is explained by young drivers' drinking less or by their separating drinking from driving. Methods. Nighttime roadside surveys were conducted in 3 communities to test drivers' breath and administer questionnaires on drinking practices. From 1992 to 1996, 34 898 drivers (21% of whom were younger than 21 years) were interviewed. Results. Although drivers younger than 21 years were more likely to have consumed 6 or more drinks on at least 1 occasion during the previous month, a smaller percentage of younger drivers than of older drivers had blood alcohol concentrations of 0.01 or higher. Conclusions. Younger drivers are more likely than drivers older than 21 years to separate drinking from driving.

Rylander, R., Axelsson, G., Megevand, Y., Dahlberg, C., Lijeqvist, T., & Sundh, V. (1999). Dietary habits for non-smoking females living with smokers or non-smokers. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 9 (2): 142-145.
    ABSTRACT

Sadana, R., & Snow, R. (1999). Balancing effectiveness, side-effects and work: women's perceptions and experiences with modern contraceptive technology in Cambodia. SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE 49 (3): 343-358, August.

Shepherd, C. K., Power, K. G., & Carter, H.  (1998). Characteristics of responders and non-responders in an infant feeding study. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MEDICINE 20 (3): 275-280.
    ABSTRACT

Thomson, C., Currie, C., Todd, J., & Elton, R. (1999). Changes in HIV/AIDS education, knowledge and attitudes among Scottish 15-16 year olds, 1990-1994: Findings from the WHO: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study (HBSC). HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 14(3): 357-370.
    ABSTRACT

Bronchoscopy-Related Infections and Pseudoinfections --- New York, 1996 and 1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48(26), July 9, 1999.
 

Rubella Outbreak --- Westchester County, New York, 1997--1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48(26), July 9, 1999.
 

Injuries Among Railroad Trespassers --- Georgia, 1990--1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 48 (25), July 2, 1999.
 

Trends in HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School Students -- Selected U.S. Cities, 1991-1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48 (21), June 4, 1999.
 

Norwalk-Like Viral Gastroenteritis in U.S. Army Trainees --- Texas, 1998.   Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,  48 (11), March 26, 1999.
 

Mass Treatment of Humans Who Drank Unpasteurized Milk from Rabid Cows --- Massachusetts, 1996--1998.  Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48 (11), March 26, 1999.