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Home Endnotes: Preface
Chap 1
Chap 2
Chap 3 Chap 4
Chap 5
Chap 6 Chap 7
Chap 8
Health Program Planning, 4th edition
Chapter 9 (formerly Chap. 11 in
previous
editions) [This revision is in progress]
Applications in Health Care Settings
Notation: The number before ">" is the endnote number in the 3rd edition; the
number after > is the new endnote number that will appear in the 4th edition.
The endnotes provide citations to literature and sources referenced in the text
of Chapter 9. Below each endnote are the actual bibliographic references for the corresponding
citations. References that appeared in the 3rd edition may not be listed here
(see 3rd edition bibliography). Click on the author link for the abstract of the
article referenced in most citations.
Table of Contents (Click on the section to go
to the new endnotes for that section)
Introduction
Disease
Prevention, Health Promotion, and Self-Care as Priorities of Clinical Care
Definitions
The Opportunity
The Missed
Opportunity
The Rationale
An Epidemiological and
Community Approach to Health Care
Epidemiology of Health Care Errors
Health Care Errors of
Omission
Health Care Errors of Commission
Patient Considerations in Targeting Interventions
The Undiagnosed
Diagnosed Nonusers Who Received Inappropriate Medical
Recommendations
Nonusers Who Did Not Obtain a Recommended Treatment
Policy Changes
Allocation Decisions
Application of Educational Assessment to Individual Patients
The Relapse Curve
A Hierarchy of Factors Affecting Self-Care Behavior
Triage According to Motivation
Triage According to Enabling Factors
Assessing Reinforcing Factors Necessary for Continued
Adherence
Self-Monitoring
Changing the Behavior of Health Care Staff
Educational and Ecological Diagnosis of Practitioners' Behavior and
Health Care Environments
Predisposing Factors
Enabling Factors
Reinforcing Factors
Managed Care
Complications and Barriers
Introduction
2>1. The health care literature and our citations here. Because the
literature is so prolific for this setting, we refer the reader to the 233
endnotes for this chapter in our previous edition (Green & Kreuter, 1999, pp.
461-9), and to our endnotes webpage for updates to the current citations
(www.lgreen.net/hpp/Endnotes/Chapter9Endnotes.htm). We will focus here on those
citations that represent recent contributions since the 1999 edition, a few of
the classic or most representative earlier contributions, and those earlier
contributions that were specific applications of the Precede-Proceed Model. A
few meta-analyses of the earlier literature include: Mullen, Green, & Persinger, 1985; Mullen, Mains, & Velez, 1992; Mullen, Ramirez, &
Groff, 1994; Mullen, Simons-Morton, et al., 1997. Other meta-analyses and systematic
reviews of the continuing and professional education literature in medical care
settings have applied PRECEDE in examining the factors influencing behavioral
change in practitioners, revealing the necessity of including attention to
enabling and reinforcing factors, in addition to the usual emphasis on
predisposing factors: Davis, Thomson, Oxman, & Haynes, 1992, 1995; Oxman,
Thomson, Davis, & Haynes, 1995; Tamblyn & Battista, 1993.
*Davis D. A., Thomson, M. A., Oxman, A. D., Haynes, R. B. (1992). Evidence
for the effectiveness of CME: A review of 50 randomized controlled trials.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 268,1111-1117.
*Davis, D. A., Thomson, M. A., Oxman, A. D., & Haynes, R. B. (1995). Changing
physician performance: A systematic review of the effect of continuing medical
education strategies. Journal of the American Medical Association,
274, 700-705.
Loveman, E., Cave, C., Green, C., Royle, P., Dunn, N., & Waugh, N..
(2003). The
clinical and cost-effectiveness of patient education models for diabetes: a
systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment,
7, iii, 1-190. Review.
Mullen, P. D., & Green, L. W. (1985). Meta-analysis points way toward more
effective medication teaching. Promoting Health (American Hospital
Assn.), 6(6), 6-8.
Mullen, P. D., Green, L. W., & Persinger, G. (1985). Clinical trials of
patient education for chronic conditions: A comparative meta-analysis of
intervention types. Preventive Medicine, 14, 753-781.
Mullen, P. D., Mains, D. A., &
Velez, R. (1992). A meta-analysis of controlled trials of cardiac patient
education. Patient Education and Counseling, 19, 143-162.
Mullen, P. D., Ramirez, G., & Groff, J. Y. (1994). A
meta-analysis of randomized trials of prenatal smoking cessation
interventions. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 171,
1328-1334.
Mullen, P. D., Simons-Morton, D. G., Ramirez, G., Frankowski, R. F., Green, L.
W., Mains, D. A. (1997). A meta-analysis of trials evaluating patient
education and counseling for three groups of preventive health behaviors.
Patient Education & Counseling, 32, 157-73.
*Oxman, A. D., Thomson, M. A., Davis, D. A., Haynes, R.
B. (1995). No magic bullets: A systematic review of 102 trials of
interventions to improve professional practice. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 153, 1423-1431.
*Tamblyn, R. &
Battista, R. (1993). Changing clinical practice: Which interventions work?
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 13, 273-288.
3>2. The evolution of the self-care concept can be traced from
Nightingale’s “helping the helpless” and her distinction between “sick nursing
and health nursing,” through Shaw and Harmer’s textbooks of nursing at the turn
of the century, to current nursing concepts of self-care, such as those of Orem
(Taylor, Geden, et al., 2000). For a broader history of the concepts of
self-care and well-care in contrast to the medical model, as well as
relationships to parallel movements such as consumer participation and community
health nursing, see Green, Werlin, Schauffler, & Avery, 1977; Rafael, 2000.
Green, L. W., Werlin,
S. H., Shauffler, H. H., & Avery, C. H. (1977). Research and demonstration
issues in self-care: Measuring the decline of medicocentrism. Health
Education Monographs 5: 161-89; also in J. G. Zapka(Ed.), The SOPHE
heritage collection of Health Education Monographs, vol. 3. Oakland: Third
Party Publishing, 1981, pp. 40-69.
Rafael, A. R. (2000). Watson's philosophy, science, and theory of
human caring as a conceptual framework for guiding community health nursing
practice. ANS Advances in Nursing Science, 23, 34-49. Review.
Taylor, S. G., Geden, E., Isaramalai, S., & Wongvatunyu, S. (2000). Orem's
self-care deficit nursing theory: its philosophic foundation and the state of
the science. Nursing Science Quarterly, 13, 104-110. Review.
4>3. Sense of responsibility vs. sense of control in self-care. Ziff,
Conrad, & Lachman, 1995: "Overall, the results suggest that the sense of control
rather than sense of responsibility should be targeted for health promotion
efforts" (p. 127).
For applications of PRECEDE in examining the issues of perceived control and
empowerment in relating patient or community needs and capacities to those of
health professionals, see Allison, 1991; Garvin, 1995; Hill, 1996; Jenny, 1993;
O'Brien, Smith, et al., 1990; Sanders-Phillips, 1991; and the control typology
of Padilla & Bulcavage, 1991, including processual, contingency, cognitive,
behavioral, and existential controls.
*Allison, K.
R. (1991) Theoretical issues concerning the relationship between perceived
control and preventive health behaviour. Health Education Research,
6,141-151.
*Garvin, T. (Dept of Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON) (1995).
“We’re Strong Women” - Building a community-university research partnership. Geoforum,
26, 273-286.
*Hill, A. J.
(1996). Predictors of regular physical activity in participants of a Canadian
health promotion program. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 28,
119-141.
*Jenny
J (Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Ottawa,
Ontario). (1993).
A future perspective on patient/health education in Canada. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 18, 1408-1414.
*O'Brien, Robert W., Selina A.Smith, Patricia J.Bush, & Edna Peleg. (1990).
Obesity, self-esteem, and Health Locus of Control in Black youths during
transition to adolescence. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5,
133-139. Based on KYB project using PRECEDE model, see Bush (1989).
*Padilla, G. V., & Bulcavage, L. M. (1991). Theories used
in patient / health education. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 7,
87-96.
*Sanders-Phillips, Kathy (1991). A model for health promotion in ethnic
minority families. Wellness Lecture Series, University of California
President's Office, Oakland, CA.
Ziff, M. A., Conrad, P., & Lachman, M. E. (1995). The relative effects of
perceived personal control and responsibility on health and health-related
behaviors in young and middle-aged adults. Health Education Quarterly, 22,
127-42.
Disease Prevention, Health Promotion, and Self-Care as Priorities of Clinical
Care
5>4. This section is adapted from Green, 1993; 2003; Green, Cargo, &
Ottoson, 1994.
Green, L. W. (1993). Modifying lifestyle to improve health. In W. D. Skelton,
& M. Osterweis (Eds.). Promoting community health: The role of the academic
health center, pp. 54-69. Washington, DC: The Association of Academic
Health Centers..
Green, L.W. (2003). What is participant-centered clinical research? Chap 2 in
J Aungst, A Haas, A Ommaya, LW Green (Eds.).
Exploring New Models for Engaging the Public in the Clinical Research
Enterprise, (pp. 9-23). Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine,
National Academies Press.
Green, L.W., Cargo, M., and Ottoson, J. M. (1994). The role of physicians in
supporting lifestyle changes. Medicine, exercise, nutrition and health,
3, 119-130. Also in Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting
of the Society of Prospective Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, April 15-17,
1993. Indianapolis, IN: Society of Prospective Medicine, Publishers, 1993,
pp. 89-129.
Definitions
The Opportunity
7>5. The opportunity to initiate, support, or reinforce complex lifestyle
changes from within clinical settings. E.g., Glanz, 1999; Pellmar,
Brandt, & Baird, 2002; Williams, Chinnis, & Gutman, 2000.
Glanz, K. (1999). Progress in dietary behavior change. American
Journal of Health Promotion, 14, 112-117. Review.
Pellmar, T. C., Brandt, E. N. Jr., & Baird, M. A.
(2002).
Health and behavior:
the interplay of biological, behavioral, and social influences: summary of an
Institute of Medicine report. American Journal of Health Promotion, 16,
206-219.
Williams, J. M., Chinnis, A. C., & Gutman, D. (2000). Health promotion
practices of emergency physicians. American Journal of Emergency Medicine,
18, 17-21.
13>6. Health Belief Model suggests that a health
care visit is a motivated or “teachable” moment for change. See Chapter 4,
including references to studies using the Health Belief Model within the context
of healthcare encounters.
14>7. Physician reach x effectiveness =
potentially large population effect. Moser, McCance, & Smith, 1991.
Moser, R., McCance, K. L., & Smithy, K. R. (1991). Results of a national
survey of physicians’ knowledge and application of prevention capabilities.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 7, 384-390.
16>8. Patients seek and are more satisfied with
physician and nurse initiative in prevention and health promotion. Hughes,
2003; Kottke, Brekke, & Marquez, 1997; Litaker, Mion, et al., 2003.
Hughes, S. (2003).
The use of non face-to-face communication to
enhance preventive strategies. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 18,
267-273. Review.
Kottke, T. E., Brekke, M. L., & Marquez, M. (1997).
Will patient satisfaction set the preventive services implementation agenda?
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 13, 309-316.
Litaker, D., Mion, L., Planavsky, L., Kippes, C., Mehta, N., & Frolkis, J. (2003). Physician - nurse practitioner teams in chronic disease management: the
impact on costs, clinical effectiveness, and patients' perception of care.
Journal of Interprofessional Care, 17, 223-237.
20>9.
Exception of lower
SES patients.
Green & Potvin,
2002.
Green, L. W. & Potvin, L. (2002). Education, health promotion, and social and
lifestyle determinants of health and disease. In R. Detels, J. McEwen, R.
Beaglehole, & H. Tanaka (Eds.). Oxford Textbook of public health: Vol 1:
The scope of public health, 4th edition (pp. 113-130). New
York: Oxford University Press.
21>10.
Growing interest in prevention and health promotion by physicians and other
health professionals. E.g., compare Mann & Putnam, 1990 with Mann, Lindsay,
et al., 1997. Most of what we review here concerning physicians, who control or
at least influence the professional practices of most other health care workers
in clinical settings, applies also to those other professions. For
applications of PRECEDE-PROCEED in assessing or influencing the health promotion
practices of other clinical health workers, see for nurses, Berland,
Whyte, & Maxwell, 1995; Cretain, 1989; DeJoy, Murphy, & Gershon, 1995; Han,
Baumann, & Cimprich, 1996; Laitakari, Miilunpalo, & Vuori, 1997; Macrina,
Macrina, et al., 1996; Shamian & Edgar, 1987; Whyte & Berland, 1993; and see
Chapter 1, endnote 29; for dentists, Canto, Drury, & Horowitz, 2001;
Frazier & Horowitz, 1990; Mann, Viscount, et al., 1996; for dietitians, McKell,
1994; McKell, Chase, & Balram, 1996; Miilunpalo, Laitakari, & Vuolo, 1995;
P. H. Smith, Danis, & Helmick, 1998; for health educators, Candeias,
1991; Chiason & Lovato, 2000; Glanz & Oldenburg, 1997; for pharmacists,
Paluck, Green, et al., 2003; and others in Chapter 1, endnote 30; for
physical therapists and rehabilitation professionals, Furst, Gerber,
& Smith, 1985;
Furst,
Gerber, et al., 1987; Glenn, 1994; Laitakari,
Miilunpalo, & Vuori, 1997; and
for other allied health professionals, Bennett, 1977; Goldenhar
et al., 2001.
*Bennett, B. I.
(1977). A model for teaching health education skills to primary care
practitioners. International Journal of Health Education, 20, 232-239.
*Berland, A., Whyte, N. B., & Maxwell, L. (1995). Hospital nurses and health
promotion. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 27, 13-31.
*Candeias, Nelly Martins Ferreira (1991). Evaluating the quality of health
education programmes: some comments on methods and implementation. Hygie:
International Journal of Health Education, 10(2), 40-44.
*Canto, Maria Teresa, Drury, Thomas F., Horowitz, Alice M. (2001).
Maryland
dentists’ knowledge of oral cancer risk factors and diagnostic procedures.
Health Promotion Practice, 2, 255-62.
*Chiasson, M. W.,
Lovato, C. Y. (2000).
The health planning context and its effect on a user’s perceptions of software
usefulness. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 91, 225-8.
*Cretain G.
K. (1989). Motivational factors in breast self-examination: implications for
nurses. Cancer Nursing, 12, 250-6.
*DeJoy, D. M., Murphy, L. R., &
Gershon, R. M. (1995). The influence of employee, job/task, and
organizational factors on adherence to universal precautions among nurses.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 16: 43-55.
*Frazier, P.J.,
Horowitz, Alice M. (1990). Oral Health Education and Promotion in Maternal and
Child Health--A Position Paper. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 50,
(NSI): 390-395.
*Furst, G. P., Gerber, L. H, Smith, C. C., Fisher, S., &
Shulman, B.(1987). A program for improving energy conservation behaviors in
adults with rheumatoid arthritis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy,
41, 102-111.
*Furst,
G. P., Gerber, L. H., and Smith, C. B. (1985). Rehabilitation through
Learning: Energy Conservation and Joint Protection--A Workbook for Persons
with Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, GPO Stock No. 017-045-00107-4, NIH Publ. No.
85-2743, and Rehabilitation through Learning...: Instructor's Guide.
Washington, DC: GPO Stock No. 017-045-00103-9, NIH Publication No.
85-2743.
*Glanz,
K, & Oldenburg,
B. (1997). Relevance of health behavior research to health
promotion and health education. In D. S. Gochman (Ed.), Handbook of
Health Behavior Research IV: Relevance for professionals and issues for the
future. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 143-161.
*Glenn,
Margaret K. (1994). Preparing rehabilitation specialists to address the
prevention of substance abuse problems. Rehabilitation Counseling, 38,
164-179.
*Han, Y., Baumann, L. C., & Cimprich, B. (1996). Factors
influencing registered nurses teaching breast self-examination to female
clients. Cancer Nursing, 19, 197-203.
*Laitakari, J., Miilunpalo, S., Vuori, I. (1997). The process and methods of
health counseling by primary health care personnel in Finland: a national
survey. Patient Education and Counseling, 30, 61-70.
*Macrina, D.,
Macrina, N.,
Horvath, C.,
Gallaspy, J.,
&
Fine, P.
R.
(1996).
An educational intervention to increase use of the Glasgow Coma Scale by
emergency department personnel. International Journal of Trauma Nursing
2:
7-12.
*Mann KV, Lindsay EA, Putnam RW, Davis DA. (1997).
Increasing physician involvement in cholesterol-lowering practices: The role
of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions. Advances in Health Science
Education: Theory & Practice, 2, 237-53.
*Mann, K. V. and R. W. Putnam (1990). Barriers
to prevention: physician perceptions of ideal versus actual practices in
reducing cardiovascular risk. Canadian Family Physician, 36,
665-70.
*Mann, K. V., Viscount, P. W., Cogdon, A., Davidson, K., Languille, D. B., &
Maccara, M. E.
(1996). Multidisciplinary learning in continuing professional education: the
heart health Nova Scotia experience. Journal of Continuing Education in the
Health Professions, 16, 50-60.
*McKell, C. J.
(1994). A profile of the
New Brunswick Association of
Dietitions: Results of the Educational Needs Assessment Survey, 1993.
Fredericton, NB: New Brunswick Health and Community Services and Health
Canada.
*McKell, C. J., Chase, C., & Balram, C. (1996).
Establishing partnerships to enhance the preventive practices of dietitians. Journal
of the Canadian Dietetic Association, 57, 12-17.
*Miilunpalo, S., Laitakari, J., & Vuori, I. (1995).
Strengths and weaknesses in health counseling in Finnish primary health care.
Patient Education and Counseling, 25, 317-28.
*Paluck, E. C., Green, L. W., Frankish, C. J., Fielding, D. W.,
& Haverkamp, B. (2003).
Assessment of communication barriers in community pharmacies.
Evaluation & the Health Professions, 26,
380-403.
*Shamian, J., & Edgar, L. (1987). Nurses as agents for change in teaching
breast self-examination. Public Health Nursing, 4, 29-34.
*Smith, P. H.,
Danis, M., & Helmick, L. C. (1998) Changing the health care response to
battered women: A health education approach. Family & Community Health, 20,
1-18.
*Whyte, N., & Berland, A. (1993). The role of hospital nurses in health
promotion: A collaborative survey of
British Columbia hospital nurses.
Vancouver: Registered Nurses Assn. of British Columbia and Vancouver General
Hosp., Pub.28. [See summary: Health promotion in acute care settings:
Redefining a nursing tradition. Nursing BC March-April, 1994,
pp. 21-22.]
27>11. Studies applying PRECEDE-PROCEED to assessment of
physician attitudes, barriers, and practices in clinical health promotion
include Battista, Williams, & MacFarlane, 1990; Burglehaus, Smith, et al., 1997;
Costanza, 1992; Donovan, 1991; Downey, Cresanta, & Berenson, 1989; Duke, McGraw,
et al., 2000; Green, 1987; Green, Cargo, & Ottoson, 1994; Green, Eriksen, & Shor,
1988; Herbert, 1999; Heywood, Firman, Sanson-Fisher, & Mudge, 1996; Hiddink,
Hautvast, et al., 1995, 1997a, b (and others by this
group, see Chapter 1 endnote 31); Langille, Mann, & Gailiunas, 1997; Love et
al., 1993; Mann, 1994; Mann & Putnam, 1989, 1990; Singer, Lindsay, & Wilson, 1991; V. M.
Taylor, Taplin, et al., 1994; Thamer, et al., 1998; J. M. E.
Walsh & McPhee, 1992; Wiggers & Sanson-Fisher, 1994; Weinberger et al., 1992.
See Chapter 1, endnote 32 for others.
*Battista, R. N., Williams, J. L., & MacFarlane, L. A. (1986). Determinants of
primary medical practice in adult cancer prevention. Medical Care,
24: 216-224.
*Burglehaus, M. J., Smith, L. A., Sheps, S. B., & Green, L. W. (1997).
Physicians and breastfeeding: Beliefs, knowledge, self-efficacy and
counselling practices. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 88 (6):
383-387.
*Donovan, C. L. (1991). Factors
predisposing, enabling and reinforcing routine screening of patients for
preventing fetal alcohol syndrome: A survey of New Jersey physicians.
Journal of Drug Education, 21, 35-42.
*Downey, A. M.,
Cresanta, J. L., & Berenson, G. S. (1989). Cardiovascular health promotion in
'Heart Smart' and the changing role of physicians. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 5, 279-295.
*Duke,
S. S., McGraw, S. A., Avis, N. E., & Sherman, A. (2000). A focus group
study of DES daughters: implications for health care providers.
Psychooncology, 9, 439-444.
*Green, LW (1987). How
physicians can improve patients' participation and maintenance in self-care.
Western Journal of Medicine, 147, 346-9.
*Green, L. W., Cargo, M., and
Ottoson, J. M. (1994). The role of physicians in supporting lifestyle changes.
Medicine, Exercise, Nutrition and Health 3: 119-130. Also in
Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Society of Prospective
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, April 15-17, 1993. Indianapolis, IN:
Society of Prospective Medicine, Publishers, 1993, pp. 89-129.
*Green, L. W.,
Eriksen, M. P., & Schor, E. L. (1988). Preventive practices by physicians:
Behavioral determinants and potential interventions. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 4 (suppl. 4, 1988), 101-7, reprinted in R. N.
Battista and R. S. Lawrence, (Eds.), Implementing Preventive Services.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1988; pp. 101-7.
*Herbert, C. P. (1999).
Editorial. Should physicians assess lifestyle risk factors routinely?
Canadian Medical Association Journal, 160, 1849-1850.
*Heywood, A., Firman, D., Sanson-Fisher, R., & Mudge, P. (1996). Correlates
of physician counseling associated with obesity and smoking. Preventive
Medicine, 25, 268-276.
*Hiddink, G.
J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., Fieren, C. J., van’t Hof, M.
A. (1995). Nutrition guidance by primary-care physicians: perceived barriers
and low involvement. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49,
842-851.
*Hiddink
G. J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., & Fieren, C. J. (1997a).
Consumers' expectations about nutrition guidance: the importance of primary
care physicians. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(suppl),
1974S-1995S.
*Hiddink, G.
J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., Fieren, C. J., & van’t Hof,
M. A. (1997b). Driving forces for and barriers to nutrition guidance
practices of Dutch primary care physicians. Journal of Nutrition Education,
29, 36-41.
*Hiddink G, J.
, Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., Fieren, C. J., & van't Hof, M.
A. (1997c). Information sources and strategies of nutrition guidance used by
primary care physicians. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65
(suppl), 1996S-2003S.
*Hiddink, G.
J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. E. J., Fieren, C. J. & van’t Hof,
M. A. (1997d). Nutrition guidance by primary-care physicians: LISREL analysis
improves understanding. Preventive Medicine, 26, 29-36.
*Hiddink, G.
J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., van’t Hof, M. A., & Fieren,
C. J. (1999). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of nutrition guidance
by primary care physicians. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
53 (Suppl. 2), S35-S43.[and
8 other publications by this group, see endnote 1-32]
*Langille DB
(Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine,
Dalhousie University, 5849 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H
4H7), Mann KV, Gailiunas PN. Primary care physicians' perceptions of
adolescent pregnancy and STD prevention practices in a Nova Scotia county.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1997; 13(4): 324-30.
*Love, M. B., Davoli, G. W., & Thurman, Q. C. (1996). Normative beliefs of
health behavior professionals regarding the psychosocial and environmental
factors that influence health behavior change related to smoking cessation,
regular exercise, and weight loss. American Journal of Health Promotion,
10, 371-379.
*Makrides, L., Veinot, P. L.,
Richard, J. & Allen, M. J. (1997). Primary care physicians and coronary heart
disease prevention: A practice model. Patient Education and Counseling,
32, 207-217.
*Mann, K.V.
(1994). Educating medical students: lessons from research in continuing
education. Academic Medicine, 69, 41-47.
*Mann, KV (Office of the Dean,
Fac. Med., Dalhousie Univ., Tupper Med. Bldg., Halifax, NS B3H 4H7), RW Putnam
(1990). Barriers to prevention: physician perceptions of ideal versus actual
practices in reducing cardiovascular risk. Canadian Family Physician
36:665-670.
*Mann, KV, RW Putnam (1989).
Physicians' perceptions of their role in cardiovascular risk reduction.
Preventive Medicine 18:45-58.
*Mann KV
(1989). (PhD, Faculty of Medicine, Room C-16, Clinical Research Centre,
Dalhousie University, 5849 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H
4H7) Promoting adherence in hypertension: a framework for patient education.
Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 1(1):8-14, Apr
*Mann, K. V.,
Putman, R. W., Lindsay, E. A. & Davis, D. A. (1990). Cholestrol: Decreasing
the Risk. An educational program for physicians. Journal of Continuing
Education in the Health Professions, 10(3): 211-222.
*Mann KV , Lindsay EA, Putnam RW,
Davis DA. Increasing physician involvement in cholesterol-lowering practices.
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 1996; 16:
225-240.
*Mann KV, Viscount PW, Cogdon A,
Davidson K, Languille DB, Maccara ME. Multidisciplinary learning in continuing
professional education: the heart health Nova Scotia experience. Journal of
Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 1996; 16: 50-60.
*Michalsen, A., Delclos, G. L., Felknor, S. A., Davidson, A. L., Johnson, P. C., Vesley, D., Murphy, L. R., Kelen, G. D.,
& Gershon,
R. R. M. (1997). Compliance with universal precautions among physicians. Journal
of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 130-137.
*Singer, J., Lindsay, E. A., & Wilson, D. M. C. (1991).
Promoting physical activity in primary care: Overcoming the barriers.
Canadian Family Physician, 37, 2167-2173.
*Solomon, D. H., Hashimoto, H.,
Daltroy, L., & Liang, M. H. (1998). Techniques to improve physicians’
use of diagnostic tests. Journal of the American Medical Association,
280, 2020-2027.
*Taylor, V. M., Taplin, S. H., Urban, N., Mahloch, J., &
Majer, K. A. (1994). Medical community involvement in a breast cancer
screening promotional project. Public Health Reports, 109,
491-499.
*Thamer,
M., Ray, N. F., Henderson, S. C., Rinehart, C. S., Sherman, C. R. & Ferguson,
J. H. (1998). Influence of the NIH Consensus Conference on Helicobacter
Pylori on physician prescribing among a Medicaid population. Medical
Care, 36, 646-660.
*Weinberger,
M., Saunders, A. F. Bearon, L. B., Gold, D. T., Trig Brown, J., Samsa, G. P.,
& Loehrer, P. J. (1992). Physician-related barriers to breast cancer
screening in older women. The Journals of Gerontology, 47(special
issue), 111-117.
*Wiggers, John H. and Rob Sanson-Fisher
(Discipline of Behavioural Science in Relation to Med., Faculty of Med., Univ.
of Newcastle, Locked Bag No. 10, Wallsend NSW 2287, Australia) (1994). General
practitioners as agents of health risk behaviour change: Opportunities for behavioural science in patient smoking cessation. Behaviour Change,
11, 167-176.
The Missed Opportunity
28>12. Medical education leaves little time for prevention and health
promotion. Abrams Weintraub, 2003; Hymowitz, Schwab, & Eckholdt, 2001. See
also Chapter 1, endnote 32.
Abrams Weintraub, T, Saitz, R, & Samet, J. H. (2003).
Education of preventive medicine residents: alcohol, tobacco, and other drug
abuse. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24, 101-5.
Hymowitz, N., Schwab, J., & Eckholdt, H. (2001). Pediatric
residency training on tobacco: training director tobacco survey.
Preventive Medicine, 33, 688-698.
32>13. Use of chart reminders, personnel or computer-generated reminders
to cue preventive actions by physicians. E.g., Gary, Bone, et al., 2003 in
the context of a PRECEDE application; O'Malley, Gonzalez, et al., 2003.
*Gary,
T. L., Bone, L. R., Hill, M. N., Levine, D. M., McGuire, M., Saudek, C., & Brancati, F. L. (2003).
Randomized controlled trial of the effects of nurse case manager and community
health worker interventions on risk factors for diabetes-related complications
in urban African Americans. Preventive Medicine, 37, 23-32.
O'Malley, A. S., Gonzalez, R. M., Sheppard, V. B., Huerta, E., & Mandelblatt, J. (2003).
Primary care cancer control interventions including Latinos: a review.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25, 264-271.
35>14. Physician predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors predict
their practice much as such factors predict patient behavior. Green,
Eriksen, & Schorr, 1988; Mirand, Beehler, et al., 2002, 2003.
*Green, L. W., Eriksen, M. P., &
Schor, E. L. (1988). Preventive practices by physicians: Behavioral
determinants and potential interventions. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 4 ,(suppl. 4, 1988): 101-107, reprinted in R. N. Battista and R.
S. Lawrence, (Eds.), Implementing Preventive Services, pp. 101-107. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1988;
*Mirand, A. L., Beehler, G. P., Kuo, C. L.,
& Mahoney, M. C. (2002).
Physician
perceptions of primary prevention: qualitative base for the conceptual shaping
of a practice intervention tool. BMC Public Health, 2(1), 16.
*Mirand, A. L.,
Beehler, G. P., Kuo, C. L., and Mahoney, M. C. (2003).
Explaining the de-prioritization of primary prevention: Physicians'
perceptions of their role in the delivery of primary care.
BioMed Central Public Health, 3(1), 15.
15. The characterization of barriers to physicians practicing primary
prevention, based on PRECEDE analysis of focus groups themes, using grounded
theory analysis of findings: Mirand, et al., 2003. See also Thompson, Rivara et
al, 2000.
*Mirand AL, Beehler GP, Kuo CL, Mahoney MC. (2003). Explaining the
de-prioritization of primary prevention: Physicians' perceptions of their role
in the delivery of primary care. BMC Public Health, 3, 15. Full text
Epub 2003 May 02 at URL shown below with source of Figure 9-1.
*Thompson, R. S., Rivara, F. P., Thompson, D. C., Barlow, W. E., Sugg, N. K.,
Maiuro, R. D., & Rubanowice, D. M. (2000). Identification and Management of
Domestic Violence: A Randomized Trial. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 19(4): 253-262.
Figure 9-1: The barriers to physicians practicing preventive care,
represented as predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors from a focus
group study applying the PRECEDE framework.
SOURCE: Mirand, et al. 2003. Copyright © 2003, Mirand
et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim
copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any
purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original
URL. BMC Public Health. 2003; 3 (1): 15.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12729463
40>16. Patients' demand for prescription drug and low tolerance for
discomfort. Vanden Eng, Marcus, et al., 2003; Walley, 2002.
Vanden Eng, J., Marcus, R., Hadler, J. L., Imhoff, B., Vugia, D. J., Cieslak, P. R., Zell, E.,
Deneen, V., McCombs, K. G., Zansky, S. M., Hawkins, M. A., & Besser, R. E.. (2003).
Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics. Emerging Infectious
Diseases, 9, 1128-1135.
Full text.
Walley, T. (2002). Lifestyle medicines and the elderly. Drugs and Aging,
19, 163-168. Review.
41>17. Reasons for over prescribing of antibiotics. Haltiwanger,
Hayden, et al., 2001; Turnidge, 2001; Vanden Eng, Marcus, et al., 2003.
Haltiwanger, K. A., Hayden, G. F., Weber, T., Evans, B. A., & Possner, A. B. (2001).
Antibiotic-seeking behavior in college students: what do they really
expect? Journal of American College Health, 50, 9-13.
Turnidge, J. (2001). Responsible prescribing for
upper respiratory tract infections. Drugs, 61, 2065-2077. Review.
Vanden Eng, J., Marcus, R., Hadler, J. L., Imhoff, B., Vugia, D. J., Cieslak, P. R., Zell, E.,
Deneen, V., McCombs, K. G., Zansky, S. M., Hawkins, M. A., & Besser, R. E.. (2003).
Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics. Emerging Infectious
Diseases, 9, 1128-1135.
Full text.
43>18. Discrepancies in practice guidelines from different sources of
research synthesis and review. E.g., Assendelft, Morton, et al., 2003, on
discrepancies among guidelines on management of low back pain; Costanza, et al., 1992 re
American Cancer Society guidelines on
mammography vs. USPSTF and NCI; J. Mann, 2002, on the alternatives to
randomized controlled trials for long-lagged nutrition interventions, e.g., in
cancer treatment.
Assendelft, W. J., Morton, S. C., Yu, E. I., Suttorp, M. J., Shekelle, P. G. (2003).
Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain. A meta-analysis of
effectiveness relative to other therapies. Annals of Internal Medicine,
138, 871-881. Review. Summary for patients in:
Annals of Internal Medicine, 138(11), I33.
*Costanza,
M. E.,
Stoddard, A. M., Zapka, J. G., Gaw, V. P., & Barth R. (1992). Physician compliance with mammography guidelines: barriers and
enhancers. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 5 (2),
x1-10; and
231-232.
Mann, J. (2002). Discrepancies in nutritional
recommendations: The need for evidence based nutrition. Asia Pacific
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11, Suppl 3, S510-515.
44>19. Information overload for
the practitioner makes guidelines less likely to be applied. Dodek &
Ottoson, 1996. E.g., "...more than 40 clinical practice guidelines pertaining to
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been published since 1985" (Heffner &
Ellis, 2003, p. 1257). Nurses are increasingly faced with a similar overload and
additional "tension between standardisation of service, client choice and the
use of clinical expertise in decision making" (Hewitt-Taylor, 2003, p. 41).
Dodek, P. & Ottoson, J. M. (1996). The implementation
link between clinical practice guidelines and continuing medical education.
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 16, 82-93.
Heffner, J. E., & Ellis, R. (2003). The guideline approach to chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease: how effective? Respiratory Care, 48, 1257-1268.
Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2003). Developing and using clinical guidelines.
Nursing Standards, 18, 41-44. Review.
The Rationale
20. Guidelines often seen by practitioners as derived
from artificially constructed research in populations and circumstances
unrepresentative of their own. Garfield, et al., 2003; Glasgow et al., 2003;
Green, 2001.
Garfield, S. A., Malozowski, S., Chin, M. H., Venkat Narayan, K. M.,
Glasgow, R. E., Green, L. W., Hiss, R. G., Krumholz, H. M., Diabetes Mellitus Interagency
Coordinating Committee (DIMCC) Translation Conference Working Group. (2003).
Considerations for diabetes translational research in real-world settings.
Diabetes Care, 26, 2670-2674.
Glasgow, R. E., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. C. (2003). Why don't we see more
translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the
efficacy-to-effectiveness transition. American Journal of Public Health,
93, 1261-1267.
Green, L. W. (2001). From research to "best practices" in other settings and
populations. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25, 165-78.
[full text]
21. Making the research more relevant to practitioners
and their patients through participatory research. E.g., Green & Mercer,
2001; Macaulay, Commanda, et al., 1999.
Green, L. W., & Mercer, S. L. (2001). Can public health researchers and agencies
reconcile the push from funding bodies and the pull from communities?
American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1926-1929.
Green, L. W., & Mercer, S. M. (2004). Participatory research. In N. Anderson
(Ed.). Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior, vol 2, pp. 650-653.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Macaulay, A. C., Commanda, L. E., Freeman, W. L., Gibson, N., McCabe, M. L., Robbins, C. M.,
& Twohig,
P. L. (1999). Participatory research maximises community and lay
involvement. North American Primary Care Research Group. British Medical
Journal, 319, 774-778. Review.
48>22. Primary care practitioners provide preventive
services in less than 1/3 of patients seen. U.S. Preventive Services Task
Force, 1996.
US Preventive Services Task Force (1996). Guide to Clinical Preventive Services.
2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
54>23. Contributions of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to putting
patient education and counseling interventions into the mainstream of clinical
prevention. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 1989.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (1989). Guide to clinical preventive
services: An assessment of the effectiveness of 169 interventions.
Baltimore: William & Wilkens.
An Epidemiological and Community Approach to Health Care
55>24. The ecological focus of
this section, based on adaptations and updates of Green, 1994, and of
Green, Mullen, & Friedman, 1986, and Ibid as Chapter 29 in Cramer &
Spilker, 1991, is on the environments of patients, including the home,
school, workplace, and the health care setting itself. For consideration of the
role of hospitals and health care workers in community health promotion, school
health, or work-site health promotion, see the respective previous chapters. For
applications of PRECEDE in hospital settings, see Bartholmew, Koenning,
et al., 1994; Bartholomew, Seilheimer, et al., 1988. This project received the Award of Program Excellence from the
Society for Public Health Education, 1994. Berland, Whyte, & Maxwell, 1995;
Burglehaus, Smith, Sheps, & Green, 1997; Calabro, Weltge, et al., 1998;
Fulmer et al., 1992; Han, Baumann, &
Cimprich, 1996; Kovar et al., 1992; Larson et al., 1991, 1997;
Macrina, Macrina, et al., 1996; McGovern, Kochevar, et al., 1997; Macarthur, Macarthur, & Weeks, 1995; Malo & Leviton, 1987;
Michalsen et al., 1997; Parcel et al., 1994; Taggart et al., 1991; van Veenendal, Grinspun, &
Adriaanse, 1996.
*Bartholomew
L. K., Koenning, G., Dahlquist, L., & Barron, K. (1994).
An educational needs assessment of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Care and Research 7: 136-143.
*Bartholomew, L. K., Seilheimer, D. K., Parcel, G. S., Spinelli, S. H., &
Pumariega, A. J. (1989).
“Planning patient education for cystic fibrosis: Application of a diagnostic
framework,”Patient Education and Counseling, 13, 57-68.
*Berland, A., Whyte, N. B., & Maxwell, L. (1995). Hospital nurses and health
promotion. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 27, 13-31.
*Burglehaus, M. J., Smith, L. A., Sheps, S. B., & Green, L. W. (1997).
Physicians and breastfeeding: Beliefs, knowledge, self-efficacy and
counselling practices. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 88, 383-387.
*Calabro,
K., Weltge, A., Parnell, S., Kouzekanani, K. & Ramirez, E. (1998).
Intervention for medical students: Effective infection control. American
Journal of Infection Control, 26: 431-436.
*Fulmer, H. S.,
Cashman, S., Hattis, P., Schlaff, A., & Horgan, D. M.. (1992). Bridging the
gap between medicine, public health and the community: PATCH and the Carney
Hospital experience. Journal of Health Education, 23, 167-170.
*Green, L.W. (1994). Refocusing health care systems to address both individual
care and population health. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 17,
133-141.
*Green, L. W., Mullen, P. D., & Friedman, R. (1986). An epidemiological
approach to targeting drug information. Patient Education & Counseling,
8, 255-268.
*Han, Y., Baumann, L. C., & Cimprich, B. (1996). Factors
influencing registered nurses teaching breast self-examination to female
clients. Cancer Nursing, 19, 197-203.
*Kovar, P. A.,
Allegrante, J. P. MacKenzie, R., Peterson, M. G. E., Gutin, B., & Charlson, M.
E. (1992). Supervised fitness walking in patients with osteoarthritis of the
knee: A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116,
529-534.
*Larson, E. L., Bryan, J. L., Adler, L. M., & Blane, C.
(1997). A multifaceted approach to changing handwashing behavior. American
Journal of Infection Control, 25, 3-10.
*9-24
Larson, E., McGeer, A., Quraishi, Z. A., et al.
(1991). Effect of an automated
sink on handwashing practices and attitudes in high-risk units.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 12, 422-427.
*Macrina, D.,
Macrina, N., Horvath, C.,
Gallaspy, J., &
Fine, P.
R. (1996).
An educational intervention to increase use of the Glasgow Coma Scale by
emergency department personnel. International Journal of Trauma Nursing,
2,
7-12.
*McGovern, P. M., Kochevar, L. K., Vesley, D., & Gershon,
R. R. M. (1997). Laboratory professionals' compliance with universal
precautions. Laboratory Medicine, 28, 725-730.
*Macarthur, A., Macarthur,
C., &
Weeks,
S. (1995). Epidural anaesthesia and low back pain after delivery: A
prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 311,
1336-1339.
*Maiman,
L. A., Green, L. W., Gibson G., & MacKenzie, E. J. (1979). Education for
self-treatment by adult asthmatics. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 241, 1919-1922.
Malo, E., & Leviton, L. C. (1987). Decision points for hospital-based health
promotion. Hospital and Health Services Administration, 32,
49-61.
*Michalsen, A., Delclos, G. L., Felknor, S. A., Davidson,
A. L., Johnson, P. C., Vesley, D., Murphy, L. R., Kelen, G. D., & Gershon, R.
R. M. (1997). Compliance with universal precautions among physicians. Journal
of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 39, 130-7.
*Parcel, G.
S., Swank, P. R., Mariotto, M. J., Bartholomew, L. K., Czyzewski, D. I.,
Sockride, M. M., & Seilheim, D. K. (1994). Self-management of
cystic-fibrosis--A structural model for educational and behavioral variables.
Social Science and Medicine, 38, 1307-1315.
*Taggart, V. S., Zuckerman, A. E., Sly, R. M.,
Steinmueller, C., Newman, G., O'Brien, R. W., Schneider, S., & Bellanti, J.
A.(1991). You can control asthma: evaluation of an asthma education program
for hospitalized inner-city children. Patient Education and Counseling, 17,
35-47.
*van
Veenendal, H., Grinspun, D. R., & Adriaanse, H. P. (1996).
Educational needs of stroke survivors and their family members, as perceived
by themselves and by health professionals. Patient Education and
Counseling, 28, 265-276.
56>25. The terms compliance and
patient are used here for convenience and convention, even though several of
the types of error discussed here are not patient errors of failing to follow
physicians’ directions, and when they are errors of the recipients of medical
instructions, the errors are not strictly within the role of patient. Many are
errors sometimes of physicians, nurses, or pharmacists themselves, or of
patients who have not yet received appropriate directions from a physician or
other health care provider. We shall introduce the phrase health care error to
encompass the wider range of behavioral and environmental sources of medical or
health care problems that PRECEDE-PROCEED attempts to address. The issue of
practitioner compliance with best practices guidelines has become one of the
focal points for many applications of PRECEDE-PROCEED. See for example Makrides,
Veinot, Richard, & Allen, 1997; K. V. Mann & Putnam, 1989, 1990; K. V. Mann, Putnam,
Lindsay, & Davis, 1996; and endnotes 18-20 above. For more on the concept and
language of compliance, see Mullen, 1997.
*Makrides, L., Veinot, P. L.,
Richard, J. & Allen, M. J. (1997). Primary care physicians and coronary heart
disease prevention: A practice model. Patient Education and Counseling,
32, 207-217.
*Mann, KV (Office of the Dean,
Fac. Med., Dalhousie Univ., Tupper Med. Bldg., Halifax, NS B3H 4H7), RW Putnam
(1990). Barriers to prevention: physician perceptions of ideal versus actual
practices in reducing cardiovascular risk. Canadian Family Physician
36:665-670.
*Mann, KV, RW Putnam (1989).
Physicians' perceptions of their role in cardiovascular risk reduction.
Preventive Medicine 18:45-58.
*Mann, K. V.,
Putman, R. W., Lindsay, E. A. & Davis, D. A. (1990). Cholesterol: Decreasing
the Risk. An educational program for physicians. Journal of Continuing
Education in the Health Professions, 10: 211-222.
Mullen, P. D.
(1997). Compliance becomes concordance. British Medical Journal, 314, 691-692.
58>26. Reviews of continuing
medical education and dissemination of best practices based on PRECEDE
framework: Burr & Johanson, 1998; D. A. Davis, Thomson, Oxman, &
Haynes, 1992, 1995; Lomas, 1993; Lomas & Haynes, 1988; Mann, 1994; Oxman,
Thomson, Davis, & Haynes, 1995; Tamblyn & Battista, 1993. See also endnotes 10
and 11 above.
*Burr, R., & Johanson, R. (1998).
Continuing medical education: An opportunity for bringing about change in
clinical practice. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 105,
940-945.
*Davis
D. A., Thomson, M. A., Oxman, A. D., Haynes, R. B. (1992). Evidence for the
effectiveness of CME: A review of 50 randomized controlled trials. Journal
of the American Medical Association, 268, 1111-1117.
*Lomas, J.
(1993). Diffusion, dissemination, and implementation: Who should do what? In
K. S. Warren & F. Mosteller (Eds.). Doing more good than harm: The
evaluation of health care interventions (pp. 226-237). New York: Annals of
the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 703.
*Lomas, J. and Haynes, R. B. (1988). A taxonomy and critical review of tested
strategies for the application of clinical practice recommendations: From
"official" to "individual" clinical policy. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 4, (Suppl.), 77-94.
*Oxman,
A. D., Thomson, M. A., Davis, D. A., Haynes, R. B. (1995). No magic bullets: A
systematic review of 102 trials of interventions to improve professional
practice. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 153, 1423-1431.
*Tamblyn,
R., & Battista, R. (1993). Changing clinical practice: Which interventions
work? Journal of Continuing Education in the Health
Professions, 13, 273-288.
Epidemiology
of Health Care Errors
Health
Care Errors of Omission
60>27.
Applications of PRECEDE in assessing or planning for screening behavior and
programs. Allen, 1992; Bird, Otero-Sabogal, 1996; Black, Stein, &
Loveland-Cherry, 2001; Buller, Modiano, et al., 1998; Chie & Chang, 1994;
Cockburn, Tompson, et al., 1997; Coleman, Lord, et al., 2003; Curry & Emmons,
1994; Danigelis & Roberson, 1995; Desnick, Taplin, et al., 1999; Dignan,
Michielutte, et al., 1998; Engelstad, Bedeian, et al., 1996; Mercer et al.,
1997; Rimer, 1993; Zapka, Stoddard, et al., 1989; Zapka et al., 1993.
*Allen,
K. D. (1992). Predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors associated with
women’s reported Pap smear screening behaviour (Master’s thesis). Toronto,
ON: University of Toronto, Graduate Department of Nursing Science.
*Bird,
J. A., Otero-Sabogal, R., Ha, N.-T., & McPhee, S. J. (1996).
Tailoring lay health worker interventions for diverse cultures: lessons
learned from Vietnamese and Latina communities. Health Education and
Behavior, 23 (Suppl.), S105-S122.
*Black,
M. E. A., Stein, K. F., Loveland-Cherry, C .J.
(2001).Older
women and mammography screening behavior: Do
possible
selves contribute? Health Education and Behavior, 28, 200-216.
*Buller,
D., MR Modiano, J Guernsey de Zapien, J Meister, S Saltzman & F Hunsaker
(1998). Predictors of cervical cancer screening in Mexican American women of
reproductive age. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved,
9 (1): 76-95.
*Chie,
W. C., & Chang,
K. J.
(1994). Factors related to tumor size of breast cancer at treatment in
Taiwan. Preventive Medicine, 23, 91-97.
*Cockburn, J.,
Tompson, S. C., Marks, R., Jolley, D., Schofield, P., & Hill, D. (1997). Behavioural dynamics of a clinical trial of sunscreens for reducing solar
keratoses in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health, 51: 716-721.
*Coleman, E. A., Lord, J., Heard, J., Coon, S., Cantrell, M., Mohrmann, C., &
O’Sullivan, P. (2003).
The Delta Project: Increasing breast cancer screening among rural minority and
older women by targeting rural healthcare providers. Oncology Nursing
Forum, 30, 669-677.
*Curry, S. J.,
& Emmons, K. M. (1994). Theoretical models for predicting and improving
compliance with breast cancer screening. Annals of Behavioral Medicine,
16, 302-316.
*Danigelis, N. L., Roberson,
N. L.,
Worden,
J. K., Flynn, B., Dorwaldt,
A. L.,
Ashley,
J. A., Skelly,
J. M.,
&
Mickey,
R. M. (1995). Breast screening by African-American women: Insights from a
household survey and focus groups. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 11, 311-317.
*Desnick, L., Taplin, S., Taylor, V., Coole, D., & Urban,
N. (1999). Clinical breast examination in primary care: Perceptions and
predictors among three specialties. Journal of Women’s Health, 8,
389-397.
*Dignan, M.
B., Michielutte, R., Wells, H. B., Sharp, P., Blinson, K., Case, L. D., Bell,
R., Konen, J., Davis, S., & McQuellon, R. P. (1998). Health education to
increase screening for cervical cancer among Lumbee Indian women in North
Carolina. Health Education Research, 13, 545-556.
*Dignan, M. B., Michielutte, R ., Wells, H. B., & Bahnson, J. (1994).
The Forsyth County Cervical Cancer
Prevention Project--I. Cervical cancer screening for black women. Health
Education Research, 9, 411-420.
*Engelstad,
L., Bedeian, K., Schorr, K., & Stewart, S. (1996). Pathways to early
detection of cervical cancer for a multiethnic, indigent, emergency department
population. Health Education and Behavior, 23 (Suppl.),
S89-S104.
*Mercer, S. L., Goel, V., Levy, I. G., Ashbury, F. D., Iverson, D. C., & Iscoe,
N. A. (1997). Prostrate cancer screening in the midst of controversy: Canadian
men’s knowledge, beliefs, utilization, and future intentions. Canadian
Journal of Public Health, 88, 327-332.
*Rimer,
B. K. (1995). Audience and messages for breast and cervical cancer screenings.
Wellness Perspectives: Research, Theory and Practice, 11(2):13-39.
*Rimer, B. K., Davis, S. W., Engstrom, P. F., et al.
(1988). Some reasons for
compliance and noncompliance in a health maintenance organization breast
cancer screening program. Journal of Compliance in Health Care, 3,
103-114.
*Rimer, B. K.,
Jones, W., Wilson, C., Bennett, D., & Engstrom, P. (1983). Planning a cancer
control program for older citizens. Gerontologist, 23, 384-389.
*Rimer,
B. K., Keintz, M. K., Kessler, H. B., Engstrom, P. F., & Rosan, J. R.
(1989). Why women resist screening mammography: Patient-related barriers.
Radiology, 172, 243-6.
*Zapka, J.
G.., Harris, D. R., Hosmer, D., Costanza, M. E., Mas, E., & Barth, R. (1993).
Effect of a community health center intervention on breast cancer screening
among Hispanic American women. Health Services Research, 28, 223-35.
*Zapka,
J. G., Stoddard, A. M., Costanza, M. E., & Greene, H. L. (1989). Breast cancer
screening by mammography: Utilization and associated factors. American
Journal of Public Health, 79, 1499-1502.
*Zapka, J. G., & Mamon, J. A. (1982). Integration of theory, practitioner
standards, literature findings and baseline data: A case study in planning
breast self-examination education. Health Education Quarterly, 9,
330-356.
*Zapka, J. G., & Mamon, J. A. (1986). Breast elf-examination in young women.
II. Characteristics associated with proficiency. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 2, 70-78.
64-28. For
specific applications of PRECEDE for increased use of health services for high
blood pressure control, see R. L. Bertera & Cuthie, 1984; Fors, Owen, et
al., 1989; Grueninger, Duffy, & Goldstein, 1995;
Haber, 1994; D. M. Levine et al., 1982; Livingston, 1985; Mamon et al., 1987;
Mann, 1989; Modeste, Abbey, & Hopp, 1984–1985; Morisky, Levine, Wood et al.,
1981; Salazar, 1985; Wallenius, et al., 1995; Ward et al., 1982.
*Bertera, R. L., & Cuthie, J. C. (1984).
Blood pressure self-monitoring in the workplace. Journal of Occupational
Medicine, 26, 183-188.
*Fors, S. W.,
Owen, S., Hall, W. D., et al. (1989). Evaluation of a diffusion strategy for
school-based hypertension education. Health Education Quarterly, 16,
255-61.
*Grueninger, U. J., Duffy, F. D., & Goldstein, M. G. (1995). Patient education
in the medical encounter: How to facilitate learning, behavior change, and
coping. In M. Lipkin, Jr., S. M. Putnam, and A. Lazare (Eds.), The medical
interview: Clinical care, education, and research, pp. 122-133,.Bern: Mack
Lipkin, Jr., MD.
*Haber,
D. (1994). Medical screenings and health assessments. In D. Haber (Ed.),
Health promotion and aging (pp. 41-76).
New York,
NY: Springer Publishing Company.
*Levine, D. M., Morisky, D. E., Bone, L. R.,
Lewis, C., Ward, W.B., & Green,
L.W. (1982).
Data-based planning for educational interventions through hypertension control
programs for urban and rural populations in Maryland. Public Health Reports,
97, 107-112.
*Livingston, I. L. (1985). Hypertension and health education intervention in
the Carribean: A public health appraisal. Journal of the National Medical
Association, 77, 273-820.
*Modeste, N. N., Abbey,
D. E.,
& Hopp, J.
W.(1984-85).
Hypertension in a
Caribbean
population. International Quarterly of Community Health Education,
5, 203-211.
*Morisky, D. E., Levine, D. M. Wood, J. C., et al. (1981). Systems approach
for the planning, diagnosis, implementation and evaluation of community health
education approaches in the control of high blood pressure. Journal of
Operations Research, 50, 625-634.
*Salazar, M. K. (1985). Dealing with hypertension: Using theory to promote
behavioral change. AAOHN Journal, 43, 313-318.
*Wallenius, S. H., Vainio,
K. K.,
Korhonen, M. J. H., Hartzema,
A. G.,
& Enlund, H.K. (1995). Self-initiated modification of hypertension treatment
in response to perceived problems. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 29,
1213-1217.
*Ward, W. B.,
Levine, D. M., Morisky, D., Bone, L. R., Ward, E., Soff, G., & McKinney, R.
(1982). Controlling high blood pressure in inner city Baltimore through
community health education. In R. W. Carlaw (Ed.). Perspectives on
Community Health Education: A Series of Case Studies. Vol 1:
United States
(pp. 73-79). Oakland, CA: Third Party Publishing Co.
76>29.
Pharmacists' interventions to clarify or correct drug errors. Herbert &
Paluck, 1997; Paluck, 1998; Paluck, Green, et al., 2003.
Herbert, C. P., & Paluck, E. (1997). Can primary care physicians be a resource
to their patients in decisions regarding alternative and complementary
therapies for cancer? Patient Education and Counseling, 31, 179-180.
*Paluck,
E. C. M. (1998). Pharmacist-client communication: A study of quality and
client satisfaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
*Paluck EC, Green LW, Frankish CJ, Fielding DW, Haverkamp B. (2003).
Assessment of communication barriers in community pharmacies.
Evaluation and the Health Professions, 26,
380-403.
77>30. When drug prices are too high. Cockburn et
al., 1997; Danzon & Towse, 2003.
*Cockburn, J.,
Tompson, S. C., Marks, R., Jolley, D., Schofield, P., & Hill, D. (1997).
Behavioural dynamics of a clinical trial of sunscreens for reducing solar
keratoses in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health, 51, 716-721.
Danzon, P. M., & Towse, A. (2003). Differential pricing for pharmaceuticals:
reconciling access, R&D and patents. International Journal of Health Care,
Finance & Economics, 3,183-205.
Health Care Errors of Commission
80>31. For reviews of the continuing medical education
literature applying PRECEDE, see Bertram & Brooks-Bertram, 1977; and the
more recent reviews cited in endnote 26. For other approaches based on quality
control, see Canadian Council of Cardiovascular Nurses, 1993, which uses the
Precede model to set clinical health promotion standards of practice and quality
assurance guidelines for cardiovascular nurses; see also Eriksen, Green, &
Fultz, 1988; Goldrick & Larson, 1992; Grol, 2002; Mann, Viscount, et al., 1996;
Mann, Putman, et al., 1990; Ottoson, 1995; Tamblyn & Battista, 1993.
*Bertram, D. A., & Brooks-Bertram, P. A. (1977). The evaluation of continuing
medical education: A literature review. Health Education Monographs, 5,
330-362.
*Canadian Council of Cardiovascular Nurses (1993).
Standards for cardiovascular
health
education.
Ottawa: Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.
*Eriksen, M. P.,. Green, L. W., & Fultz, F. G. (1988). Principles of changing
health behavior. Cancer, 62, 1768-1775.
*Goldrick, B.
A., & Larson, E. (1992). Assessing the need for infection control programs: a
diagnostic approach. Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 20,
20-23.
*Grol,
R. (2002). Changing physicians' competence and performance: finding the
balance between the individual and the organization. Journal of Continuing
Education in the Health Professions, 22, 244-251.
*Mann KV,
Viscount PW, Cogdon A, Davidson K, Languille DB, Maccara ME.
Multidisciplinary learning in continuing professional education: The heart
health Nova Scotia experience. Journal of Continuing Education in
the Health Professions, 16, 50-60.
*Mann,
K. V., Putman, R. W., Lindsay, E. A. & Davis, D. A. (1990). Cholesterol:
Decreasing the risk. An educational program for physicians. Journal of
Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 10, 211-222.
*Tamblyn,
R., & Battista, R. (1993). Changing clinical practice: Which interventions
work? Journal of Continuing Education in the Health
Professions, 13, 273-288.
81>32.
Applications of PRECEDE in accomplishing patient education through mass media
include Bakdash, 1983;
Centers for Disease Control, 1987; Kroger, 1994; Meredith, O’Reilly, & Schulz,
1989.
*Bakdash,
M. B. (1983). The use of mass media in community periodontal education.
Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 43, 128-131.
*Centers for Disease Control (1987). Information/Education Plan to Prevent
and Control AIDS in the United
States.
Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human
Service.
*Kroger, F. (1994). Toward a
healthy public. American Behavioral Scientist, 38, 215-223.
*Meredith, K.,
O’Reilly, K., & Schulz, S. L. Education for HIV risk reduction in the
hemophilia community: Report of the meeting, Convening a Panel of Expert
Consultants; Atlanta, GA, November 28-30, 1989.
*Yeo, M. (1998). Drug-related
illness in older women: Perceptions of factors affecting nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug self-management practices. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation,
University of Calgary, Alberta.
Green, L. W., Mullen, P. D., & Friedman, R. (1986). An epidemiological
approach to targeting drug information. Patient Education & Counseling,
8, 255-268.
90>35.
Tailoring of health messages for patients or professionals now possible with
computer technology. Casebeer, Strasser, et al., 2003; Flottorp & Oxman,
2003; Kreuter, Oswald, et al., 2000; Kukafka, Lussier, et al., 2002.
Casebeer, L. L., Strasser SM, Spettell CM, Wall TC, Weissman N, Ray MN, Allison JJ.
(2003). Designing tailored Web-based instruction to improve practicing
physicians' preventive practices. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 5,
e20.
Flottorp S, Oxman AD. (2003). Identifying barriers and tailoring
interventions to improve the management of urinary tract infections and sore
throat: a pragmatic study using qualitative methods. BMC Health Services
Research, 3, 3. [Full text]
Kreuter MW, Oswald DL, Bull FC, Clark EM. (2000). Are tailored health
education materials always more effective than non-tailored materials?
Health Education Research, 15, 305-15.
Kukafka R, Lussier YA, Eng P, Patel VL, Cimino JJ. (2002). Web-based
tailoring and its effect on self-efficacy: results from the MI-HEART
randomized controlled trial. Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium, 410-4.
91>36. Applications of PRECEDE in prenatal assessment or
clinical preventive care include Covington, Peoples-Sheps, et al., 1998;
Donovan, 1991; V. C. Li et al., 1984; Olson, 1994; Sword, 1999; Williams, Innis,
et al., 1999; Windsor, 1984, 1986; Windsor et al., 1985.
*Covington, D. L., Peoples-Sheps, M. D., Buescher, P. A., Bennett, T. A. &
Paul, M. V. (1998).
An evaluation of an adolescent prenatal education program. American Journal
of Health Behavior, 22, 323-33.
*Donovan, C.L. (1991). Factors predisposing, enabling and reinforcing routine
screening of patients for preventing fetal alcohol syndrome: A survey of New
Jersey physicians. Journal of Drug Education, 21, 35-42.
*Li, V. C., Coates, T. J., Spielberg, L. A., et al.
(1984). Smoking cessation with young women in public family planning clinics:
The impact of physician messages and waiting room media. Preventive
Medicine, 13, 477-489.
*Olson, C. M. (1994). Promoting positive nutritional practices during
pregnancy and lactation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
59(suppl.), 525S-31S.
*Sword, W.
(1999). A socio-ecological approach to understanding barriers to prenatal care
for women of low income. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 1170-7.
*Williams, P. L., Innis, S. M., Vogel, A. M. P., & Stephen, L. J. (1999).
Factors influencing infant feeding practices of mothers in Vancouver.
Canadian Journal of Public Health, 90, 114-9.
*Windsor, R. A. (1984). Planning and Evaluation of Public Health Education
Programs in Rural Settings: Theory into Practice, in Advancing Health
Through Education: A Case Study Approach, H.P. Cleary, J. M. Kichen, P. G.
Ensor, eds. (Palo Alto: Mayfield), pp. 273-84.
*Windsor,
R. A. (1986). An application of the PRECEDE Model for planning and evaluating
education methods for pregnant smokers. Hygie: International Journal of
Health Education 5 (3): 38-43.
*Windsor, R. A., Cutter, G.. Morris, J., Reese, Y.,
Adams, B. & Bartlett, E. (1985). Effectiveness of self-help smoking cessation
interventions for pregnant women in public health maternity clinics: A
randomized trial. American Journal of Public Health, 75,
1389-1392.
Patient Considerations in Targeting Interventions
94>37. Some applications of PRECEDE in assessing patient “compliance,”
“adherence,” or “concordance” problems in selected care issues and settings
include Allegrante, Kovar, et al., 1993; W. C. Bailey et al., 1987; Barnhoorn &
Andriannse, 1992; Bowler & Morisky, 1983; Bowler, Morisky, & Deeds, 1980;
Chwalow, Green, et al., 1978; Cramer, 1994; Cramer & Spilker, 1991; Eastaugh &
Hatcher, 1982; Estey, Tan, & Mann, 1990; Fedder, 1982; Fireman, Friday, et al.,
1981; Green, Levine, et al., 1979; Green & Simons-Morton, 1988; Kelly, 1990;
Leppik, 1990; Levine, Green, et al., 1979; Mann & Putnam, 1989; Morisky, 1986;
Morisky, DeMuth, et al., 1985; Opdycke,
Ascione, et al., 1992; Parcel, Swank,
et al., 1994; Rimer, Davis, et al., 1988; Rimer, Keintz, et al., 1989;
Roter, 1977; Tamez & Vacalis, 1989; Zapka et al., 1993.
*Allegrante, J. P., Kovar, P. A., MacKenzie, C. R., Peterson, M. G., Gutin, B.
(1993). A walking education program for patients with osteoarthritis of the
knee: Theory and intervention strategies. Health Education Quarterly,20,
63-81.
*Bailey, W. C.,
Richards, JM Jr, Manzella BA, Windsor RA, Brooks CM, Soong SJ.
(1987). Promoting self-management in adults with asthma: an overview of
the UAB program.
Health Education Quarterly,
14, 345-55.
*Barnhoorn,
F. & Adriaanse, H. (1992).
In search of factors responsible for noncompliance among tuberculosis patients
in Wardha District, India. Social Science & Medicine, 34,
291-306. [Erratum published in Social Science & Medicine, 1992
Jun;34(11):II].
*Bowler, M. H. and Morisky, D. E. (1983). Small group strategy for improving
compliance behavior and blood pressure control. Health Education Quarterly,
10, 57-69.
*Bowler, M.H.,
Morisky, D.E., & Deeds, S.G. (1980). Needs assessment strategies in working
with compliance issues and blood pressure control. Patient Counseling and
Health Education, 2, 22-27.
*Chwalow, A. J., Green, L. W., Levine, D. M., & Deeds, S. G. (1978). Effects
of the multiplicity of interventions on the compliance of hypertensive
patients with medical regimens in an inner-city population. Preventive
Medicine, 7, 51.
*Cramer, J. A. (1994). Quality of life and compliance. In M. R. Trimble and
W. E. Dodson (Eds.), Epilepsy and Quality of Life.
New York:
Raven Press, Chap. 4, pp. 49-63.
*9-37 Cramer, J. A., & Spilker, B. (Eds.). (1991). Patient
compliance in medical practice and clinical trials. New York: Raven Press.
*Eastaugh, S. R., & Hatcher, M. E. (1982). Improving compliance among
hypertensives: A triage criterion with cost-benefit implications. Medical
Care, 20, 1001-1017.
*Estey, A. L., Tan, M. H., Mann, K.
(1990). Follow-up intervention: Its effect on compliance behavior
to a diabetes regimen. Diabetes Education, 16, 291-295.
*Fedder, D. O. (1982). Managing medication and compliance:
Physician-pharmacist-patient interactions. Journal American Geriatric
Society, 11 (Suppl.), 113-117.
*Fireman, P.,
Friday, G. A., Gira, C., Vierthaler, W. A., Michaels, L. (1981). Teaching
self-management skills to asthmatic children and their parents in an
ambulatory care setting. Pediatrics, 68, 341-348.
*Green, L. W., Levine, D. M., Wolle, J., & Deeds, S. G. (1979). Development of
randomized patient education experiments with urban poor hypertensives.
Patient Counseling and Health Education, 1, 106-111.
*Green, L.W.,
and Simons-Morton, D. (1988). Denial, delay and disappointment: discovering
and overcoming the causes of drug errors and missed appointments. In D.
Schmidt, & I. E. Leppik (eds.). Compliance in Epilepsy (Epilepsy
Research, Suppl. 1, pp. 7-21) Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
*Kelly, G. R.
(1990). Medication compliance and health education among outpatients with
chronic mental disorders. Medical Care, 28, 1181-1197.
*Leppik, I. E.
(1990). How to get patients with epilepsy to take their medication: The
problem of noncompliance. Postgraduate Medicine, 88, 253-256.
*Levine, D. M., Green, L. W., Russell, R. P., Morisky, D., Chwalow, A. J., and
Benson, P. (1979). Compliance in hypertension management: What the physician
can do. Practical Cardiology, 5, 151-60.
*Morisky, D.
E. (1986). Nonadhenence to medical recommendations for hypertensive patients:
Problems and potential solutions. Journal of Compliance in Health Care, 1,
5-20.
*Morisky, D. E., DeMuth, N. M., Field-Fass, M., Green, L. W., & Levine, D. M.
(1985). Evaluation of family health education to build social support for
long-term control of high blood pressure. Health Education Quarterly, 12,
35-50.
*Morisky, D. E.,. Levine, D. M , Green, L. W., Shapiro, S., Russell, R. P., &
Smith, C. R. (1983). Five-year blood-pressure control and mortality following
health education for hypertensive patients. American Journal of Public
Health, 73, 153-62.
*Opdycke, R.
A. C., Ascione, F. J., Shimp, L. A., & Rosen, R. I. (1992). A systematic
approach to educating elderly patients about their medications. Patient
Education and Counseling, 19, 43-60.
*Parcel, G.
S., Swank, P. R., Mariotto, M. J., Bartholomew, L. K., Czyzewski, D. I.,
Sockride, M. M., & Seilheim, D. K. (1994). Self-management of
cystic-fibrosis--A structural model for educational and behavioral variables.
Social Science and Medicine, 38, 1307-15.
*Rimer, B. K., Davis, S. W., Engstrom, P. F., et al.
(1988). Some reasons for compliance and noncompliance in a health maintenance
organization breast cancer screening program. Journal of Compliance in
Health Care, 3, 103-14.
*Rimer,
B. K., Keintz, M. K., Kessler, H. B., Engstrom, P. F., & Rosan, J. R.
(1989). Why women resist screening mammography: patient-related barriers.
Radiology, 172, 243-6.
and others on compliance with
mammography screening exams (see endnote 9-27).
*Roter, D. L. (1977). Patient participation in the patient-provider
interaction: The effects of patient question-asking on the quality of
interaction, satisfaction and compliance. Health Education Monographs, 5,
281-315.
*Tamez,
E. G. & Vacalis, T. D. (1989).
Health beliefs, the significant
other and compliance with therapeutic regimens among adult Mexican American
diabetics. Health Education, 20(6), 24-31.
*Zapka J.G., Costanza, M. E., Harris, D. R., Hosmer, D., Stoddard, A., Barth,
R., & Gaw, V. (1993). Impact of a breast cancer screening community
intervention. Preventive Medicine, 22, 34-53.
The Undiagnosed
96>38. Women
acknowledge more symptoms and seek more care for them than do men. Some assessments of health care utilization patterns applying
PRECEDE include W. C. Bailey, et al., 1987; Barner, Mason, & Murray, 1999;
Coleman, Lord, et al., 2003; Covington, Peoples-Sheps, et al., 1998; Knazan,
1986; Maxwell, Bastani, & Warda, 1998; Mercer et al., 1997; Muus & Ahmed, 1991;
Rimer, 1993; Zapka, Harris, et al., 1993; Zapka, Stoddard, et al., 1989.
*Bailey, W. C., Richards, J. M., Jr, Manzella, B. A., Windsor, R. A.,
Brooks, C. M., & Soong, S. J.
(1987). Promoting self-management in adults with asthma: an overview of
the UAB program. Health Education Quarterly,
14, 345-355.
*Barner, J. C., Mason, H. L., & Murray, M. D. (1999).
Assessment of asthma patients' willingness to pay for and give time to an
asthma self-management program. Clinical Therapeutics, 21, 878-894.
*Coleman, E. A., Lord, J., Heard, J., Coon, S., Cantrell, M., Mohrmann, C., &
O’Sullivan, P. (2003).
The Delta Project: Increasing breast cancer screening among rural minority and
older women by targeting rural healthcare providers. Oncology Nursing
Forum, 30, 669-77.
*Covington, D. L., Peoples-Sheps, M. D. , Buescher, P. A., Bennett, T. A. &
Paul, M.V. (1998). An evaluation of an adolescent prenatal education program.
American Journal of Health Behavior, 22, 323-33.
*Knazan, Y.L.
(1986). Application of PRECEDE to dental health promotion for a Canadian
well-elderly population. Gerodontics 2, 180-185.
*Maxwell, A. E., Bastani, R., & Warda, U. S. (1998).
Mammography utilization and related attitudes among Korean-American women.
Women and Health, 27, 89-107.
*Mercer, S. L., Goel, V., Levy, I. G., Ashbury, F. D.,
Iverson, D. C., & Iscoe, N. A. (1997). Prostrate cancer screening in the midst
of controversy: Canadian men’s knowledge, beliefs, utilization, and future
intentions. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 88, 327-332.
*Muus,
K. J. & Ahmed,
K. A.(1991).
Physician utilization behavior among rural residents. Focus on Rural
Health, Fall, 10-12.
*Zapka, J. G.., Harris, D. R., Hosmer, D., Costanza, M. E., Mas, E., & Barth,
R. (1993). Effect of a community health center intervention on breast cancer
screening among Hispanic American women. Health Services Research, 28,
223-235.
*Zapka, J. G., Stoddard, A., & Barth, R., et al. (1989). Breast Cancer
Screening Utilization by Latina Community Health Center Clients. Health
Education Research, 4, 461-468.
98>39.
Underrepresentation of men in health care visits. Bertakis, Azari, et al.,
2000. By convention, the National Disease and
Therapeutic Index employs the term mentions (including refills and renewal of
prescriptions) to reflect drug usage. The term should not be interpreted as
equivalent to number of patients, visits, or prescriptions.
Bertakis, K. D., Azari, R., Helms, L. J., Callahan, E. J., & Robbins, J. A.
(2000). Gender Differences in the Utilization of Health Care Services.
Journal of Family Practice, 49, 147-152.
99>40. Some
applications of PRECEDE in addressing the socioeconomic gradient in health care
utilization include Barnhoorn & Andriaanse, 1992; Dignan, Michielutte, et
al., 1994; Hiatt, Pasick, et al., 1996; C. B. McCoy, Nielsen, et al., 1991.
*Barnhoorn, F. & Adriaanse, H. (1992).
In search of factors responsible for noncompliance among tuberculosis patients
in Wardha District, India. Social Science & Medicine, 34,
291-306.
*Dignan, M. B., Michielutte, R ., Wells, H. B., & Bahnson, J. (1994).
The Forsyth County Cervical Cancer
Prevention Project--I. Cervical cancer screening for black women. Health
Education Research, 9, 411-420.
*Hiatt, R. A.,
Pasick, R. J., Perez-Stable, E. J., McPhee, S., Engelstad, L., Lee, M.,
Sabogal, F., D’Onofrio, C. N. & Stewart, S. (1996). Pathways to early cancer
detection in the multiethnic population of the San Francisco Bay Area.
Health Education Quarterly, 23 (Suppl.), S10-S27.
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