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Home Endnotes: Preface
Chap 1
Chap 2
Chap 3 Chap 4
Chap 5
Chap 6 Chap 7
Chap 8
Health Program Planning, 4th edition
Chapter 9 (formerly Chap. 11 in
previous
editions) [This revision is in progress]
Applications in Health Care Settings
Notation: The number before ">" is the endnote number in the 3rd edition; the
number after > is the new endnote number that will appear in the 4th edition.
The endnotes provide citations to literature and sources referenced in the text
of Chapter 9. Below each endnote are the actual bibliographic references for the corresponding
citations. References that appeared in the 3rd edition may not be listed here
(see 3rd edition bibliography). Click on the author link for the abstract of the
article referenced in most citations.
Table of Contents (Click on the section to go
to the new endnotes for that section)
Introduction
Disease
Prevention, Health Promotion, and Self-Care as Priorities of Clinical Care
Definitions
The Opportunity
The Missed
Opportunity
The Rationale
An Epidemiological and
Community Approach to Health Care
Epidemiology of Health Care Errors
Health Care Errors of
Omission
Health Care Errors of Commission
Patient Considerations in Targeting Interventions
The Undiagnosed
Diagnosed Nonusers Who Received Inappropriate Medical
Recommendations
Nonusers Who Did Not Obtain a Recommended Treatment
Policy Changes
Allocation Decisions
Application of Educational Assessment to Individual Patients
The Relapse Curve
A Hierarchy of Factors Affecting Self-Care Behavior
Triage According to Motivation
Triage According to Enabling Factors
Assessing Reinforcing Factors Necessary for Continued
Adherence
Self-Monitoring
Changing the Behavior of Health Care Staff
Educational and Ecological Diagnosis of Practitioners' Behavior and
Health Care Environments
Predisposing Factors
Enabling Factors
Reinforcing Factors
Managed Care
Complications and Barriers
Introduction
2>1. The health care literature and our citations here. Because the
literature is so prolific for this setting, we refer the reader to the 233
endnotes for this chapter in our previous edition (Green & Kreuter, 1999, pp.
461-9), and to our endnotes webpage for updates to the current citations
(www.lgreen.net/hpp/Endnotes/Chapter9Endnotes.htm). We will focus here on those
citations that represent recent contributions since the 1999 edition, a few of
the classic or most representative earlier contributions, and those earlier
contributions that were specific applications of the Precede-Proceed Model. A
few meta-analyses of the earlier literature include: Mullen, Green, & Persinger, 1985; Mullen, Mains, & Velez, 1992; Mullen, Ramirez, &
Groff, 1994; Mullen, Simons-Morton, et al., 1997. Other meta-analyses and systematic
reviews of the continuing and professional education literature in medical care
settings have applied PRECEDE in examining the factors influencing behavioral
change in practitioners, revealing the necessity of including attention to
enabling and reinforcing factors, in addition to the usual emphasis on
predisposing factors: Davis, Thomson, Oxman, & Haynes, 1992, 1995; Oxman,
Thomson, Davis, & Haynes, 1995; Tamblyn & Battista, 1993.
*Davis D. A., Thomson, M. A., Oxman, A. D., Haynes, R. B. (1992). Evidence
for the effectiveness of CME: A review of 50 randomized controlled trials.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 268,1111-1117.
*Davis, D. A., Thomson, M. A., Oxman, A. D., & Haynes, R. B. (1995). Changing
physician performance: A systematic review of the effect of continuing medical
education strategies. Journal of the American Medical Association,
274, 700-705.
Loveman, E., Cave, C., Green, C., Royle, P., Dunn, N., & Waugh, N..
(2003). The
clinical and cost-effectiveness of patient education models for diabetes: a
systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment,
7, iii, 1-190. Review.
Mullen, P. D., & Green, L. W. (1985). Meta-analysis points way toward more
effective medication teaching. Promoting Health (American Hospital
Assn.), 6(6), 6-8.
Mullen, P. D., Green, L. W., & Persinger, G. (1985). Clinical trials of
patient education for chronic conditions: A comparative meta-analysis of
intervention types. Preventive Medicine, 14, 753-781.
Mullen, P. D., Mains, D. A., &
Velez, R. (1992). A meta-analysis of controlled trials of cardiac patient
education. Patient Education and Counseling, 19, 143-162.
Mullen, P. D., Ramirez, G., & Groff, J. Y. (1994). A
meta-analysis of randomized trials of prenatal smoking cessation
interventions. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 171,
1328-1334.
Mullen, P. D., Simons-Morton, D. G., Ramirez, G., Frankowski, R. F., Green, L.
W., Mains, D. A. (1997). A meta-analysis of trials evaluating patient
education and counseling for three groups of preventive health behaviors.
Patient Education & Counseling, 32, 157-73.
*Oxman, A. D., Thomson, M. A., Davis, D. A., Haynes, R.
B. (1995). No magic bullets: A systematic review of 102 trials of
interventions to improve professional practice. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 153, 1423-1431.
*Tamblyn, R. &
Battista, R. (1993). Changing clinical practice: Which interventions work?
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 13, 273-288.
3>2. The evolution of the self-care concept can be traced from
Nightingale’s “helping the helpless” and her distinction between “sick nursing
and health nursing,” through Shaw and Harmer’s textbooks of nursing at the turn
of the century, to current nursing concepts of self-care, such as those of Orem
(Taylor, Geden, et al., 2000). For a broader history of the concepts of
self-care and well-care in contrast to the medical model, as well as
relationships to parallel movements such as consumer participation and community
health nursing, see Green, Werlin, Schauffler, & Avery, 1977; Rafael, 2000.
Green, L. W., Werlin,
S. H., Shauffler, H. H., & Avery, C. H. (1977). Research and demonstration
issues in self-care: Measuring the decline of medicocentrism. Health
Education Monographs 5: 161-89; also in J. G. Zapka(Ed.), The SOPHE
heritage collection of Health Education Monographs, vol. 3. Oakland: Third
Party Publishing, 1981, pp. 40-69.
Rafael, A. R. (2000). Watson's philosophy, science, and theory of
human caring as a conceptual framework for guiding community health nursing
practice. ANS Advances in Nursing Science, 23, 34-49. Review.
Taylor, S. G., Geden, E., Isaramalai, S., & Wongvatunyu, S. (2000). Orem's
self-care deficit nursing theory: its philosophic foundation and the state of
the science. Nursing Science Quarterly, 13, 104-110. Review.
4>3. Sense of responsibility vs. sense of control in self-care. Ziff,
Conrad, & Lachman, 1995: "Overall, the results suggest that the sense of control
rather than sense of responsibility should be targeted for health promotion
efforts" (p. 127).
For applications of PRECEDE in examining the issues of perceived control and
empowerment in relating patient or community needs and capacities to those of
health professionals, see Allison, 1991; Garvin, 1995; Hill, 1996; Jenny, 1993;
O'Brien, Smith, et al., 1990; Sanders-Phillips, 1991; and the control typology
of Padilla & Bulcavage, 1991, including processual, contingency, cognitive,
behavioral, and existential controls.
*Allison, K.
R. (1991) Theoretical issues concerning the relationship between perceived
control and preventive health behaviour. Health Education Research,
6,141-151.
*Garvin, T. (Dept of Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON) (1995).
“We’re Strong Women” - Building a community-university research partnership. Geoforum,
26, 273-286.
*Hill, A. J.
(1996). Predictors of regular physical activity in participants of a Canadian
health promotion program. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 28,
119-141.
*Jenny
J (Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Ottawa,
Ontario). (1993).
A future perspective on patient/health education in Canada. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 18, 1408-1414.
*O'Brien, Robert W., Selina A.Smith, Patricia J.Bush, & Edna Peleg. (1990).
Obesity, self-esteem, and Health Locus of Control in Black youths during
transition to adolescence. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5,
133-139. Based on KYB project using PRECEDE model, see Bush (1989).
*Padilla, G. V., & Bulcavage, L. M. (1991). Theories used
in patient / health education. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 7,
87-96.
*Sanders-Phillips, Kathy (1991). A model for health promotion in ethnic
minority families. Wellness Lecture Series, University of California
President's Office, Oakland, CA.
Ziff, M. A., Conrad, P., & Lachman, M. E. (1995). The relative effects of
perceived personal control and responsibility on health and health-related
behaviors in young and middle-aged adults. Health Education Quarterly, 22,
127-42.
Disease Prevention, Health Promotion, and Self-Care as Priorities of Clinical
Care
5>4. This section is adapted from Green, 1993; 2003; Green, Cargo, &
Ottoson, 1994.
Green, L. W. (1993). Modifying lifestyle to improve health. In W. D. Skelton,
& M. Osterweis (Eds.). Promoting community health: The role of the academic
health center, pp. 54-69. Washington, DC: The Association of Academic
Health Centers..
Green, L.W. (2003). What is participant-centered clinical research? Chap 2 in
J Aungst, A Haas, A Ommaya, LW Green (Eds.).
Exploring New Models for Engaging the Public in the Clinical Research
Enterprise, (pp. 9-23). Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine,
National Academies Press.
Green, L.W., Cargo, M., and Ottoson, J. M. (1994). The role of physicians in
supporting lifestyle changes. Medicine, exercise, nutrition and health,
3, 119-130. Also in Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting
of the Society of Prospective Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, April 15-17,
1993. Indianapolis, IN: Society of Prospective Medicine, Publishers, 1993,
pp. 89-129.
Definitions
The Opportunity
7>5. The opportunity to initiate, support, or reinforce complex lifestyle
changes from within clinical settings. E.g., Glanz, 1999; Pellmar,
Brandt, & Baird, 2002; Williams, Chinnis, & Gutman, 2000.
Glanz, K. (1999). Progress in dietary behavior change. American
Journal of Health Promotion, 14, 112-117. Review.
Pellmar, T. C., Brandt, E. N. Jr., & Baird, M. A.
(2002).
Health and behavior:
the interplay of biological, behavioral, and social influences: summary of an
Institute of Medicine report. American Journal of Health Promotion, 16,
206-219.
Williams, J. M., Chinnis, A. C., & Gutman, D. (2000). Health promotion
practices of emergency physicians. American Journal of Emergency Medicine,
18, 17-21.
13>6. Health Belief Model suggests that a health
care visit is a motivated or “teachable” moment for change. See Chapter 4,
including references to studies using the Health Belief Model within the context
of healthcare encounters.
14>7. Physician reach x effectiveness =
potentially large population effect. Moser, McCance, & Smith, 1991.
Moser, R., McCance, K. L., & Smithy, K. R. (1991). Results of a national
survey of physicians’ knowledge and application of prevention capabilities.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 7, 384-390.
16>8. Patients seek and are more satisfied with
physician and nurse initiative in prevention and health promotion. Hughes,
2003; Kottke, Brekke, & Marquez, 1997; Litaker, Mion, et al., 2003.
Hughes, S. (2003).
The use of non face-to-face communication to
enhance preventive strategies. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 18,
267-273. Review.
Kottke, T. E., Brekke, M. L., & Marquez, M. (1997).
Will patient satisfaction set the preventive services implementation agenda?
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 13, 309-316.
Litaker, D., Mion, L., Planavsky, L., Kippes, C., Mehta, N., & Frolkis, J. (2003). Physician - nurse practitioner teams in chronic disease management: the
impact on costs, clinical effectiveness, and patients' perception of care.
Journal of Interprofessional Care, 17, 223-237.
20>9.
Exception of lower
SES patients.
Green & Potvin,
2002.
Green, L. W. & Potvin, L. (2002). Education, health promotion, and social and
lifestyle determinants of health and disease. In R. Detels, J. McEwen, R.
Beaglehole, & H. Tanaka (Eds.). Oxford Textbook of public health: Vol 1:
The scope of public health, 4th edition (pp. 113-130). New
York: Oxford University Press.
21>10.
Growing interest in prevention and health promotion by physicians and other
health professionals. E.g., compare Mann & Putnam, 1990 with Mann, Lindsay,
et al., 1997. Most of what we review here concerning physicians, who control or
at least influence the professional practices of most other health care workers
in clinical settings, applies also to those other professions. For
applications of PRECEDE-PROCEED in assessing or influencing the health promotion
practices of other clinical health workers, see for nurses, Berland,
Whyte, & Maxwell, 1995; Cretain, 1989; DeJoy, Murphy, & Gershon, 1995; Han,
Baumann, & Cimprich, 1996; Laitakari, Miilunpalo, & Vuori, 1997; Macrina,
Macrina, et al., 1996; Shamian & Edgar, 1987; Whyte & Berland, 1993; and see
Chapter 1, endnote 29; for dentists, Canto, Drury, & Horowitz, 2001;
Frazier & Horowitz, 1990; Mann, Viscount, et al., 1996; for dietitians, McKell,
1994; McKell, Chase, & Balram, 1996; Miilunpalo, Laitakari, & Vuolo, 1995;
P. H. Smith, Danis, & Helmick, 1998; for health educators, Candeias,
1991; Chiason & Lovato, 2000; Glanz & Oldenburg, 1997; for pharmacists,
Paluck, Green, et al., 2003; and others in Chapter 1, endnote 30; for
physical therapists and rehabilitation professionals, Furst, Gerber,
& Smith, 1985;
Furst,
Gerber, et al., 1987; Glenn, 1994; Laitakari,
Miilunpalo, & Vuori, 1997; and
for other allied health professionals, Bennett, 1977; Goldenhar
et al., 2001.
*Bennett, B. I.
(1977). A model for teaching health education skills to primary care
practitioners. International Journal of Health Education, 20, 232-239.
*Berland, A., Whyte, N. B., & Maxwell, L. (1995). Hospital nurses and health
promotion. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 27, 13-31.
*Candeias, Nelly Martins Ferreira (1991). Evaluating the quality of health
education programmes: some comments on methods and implementation. Hygie:
International Journal of Health Education, 10(2), 40-44.
*Canto, Maria Teresa, Drury, Thomas F., Horowitz, Alice M. (2001).
Maryland
dentists’ knowledge of oral cancer risk factors and diagnostic procedures.
Health Promotion Practice, 2, 255-62.
*Chiasson, M. W.,
Lovato, C. Y. (2000).
The health planning context and its effect on a user’s perceptions of software
usefulness. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 91, 225-8.
*Cretain G.
K. (1989). Motivational factors in breast self-examination: implications for
nurses. Cancer Nursing, 12, 250-6.
*DeJoy, D. M., Murphy, L. R., &
Gershon, R. M. (1995). The influence of employee, job/task, and
organizational factors on adherence to universal precautions among nurses.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 16: 43-55.
*Frazier, P.J.,
Horowitz, Alice M. (1990). Oral Health Education and Promotion in Maternal and
Child Health--A Position Paper. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 50,
(NSI): 390-395.
*Furst, G. P., Gerber, L. H, Smith, C. C., Fisher, S., &
Shulman, B.(1987). A program for improving energy conservation behaviors in
adults with rheumatoid arthritis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy,
41, 102-111.
*Furst,
G. P., Gerber, L. H., and Smith, C. B. (1985). Rehabilitation through
Learning: Energy Conservation and Joint Protection--A Workbook for Persons
with Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, GPO Stock No. 017-045-00107-4, NIH Publ. No.
85-2743, and Rehabilitation through Learning...: Instructor's Guide.
Washington, DC: GPO Stock No. 017-045-00103-9, NIH Publication No.
85-2743.
*Glanz,
K, & Oldenburg,
B. (1997). Relevance of health behavior research to health
promotion and health education. In D. S. Gochman (Ed.), Handbook of
Health Behavior Research IV: Relevance for professionals and issues for the
future. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 143-161.
*Glenn,
Margaret K. (1994). Preparing rehabilitation specialists to address the
prevention of substance abuse problems. Rehabilitation Counseling, 38,
164-179.
*Han, Y., Baumann, L. C., & Cimprich, B. (1996). Factors
influencing registered nurses teaching breast self-examination to female
clients. Cancer Nursing, 19, 197-203.
*Laitakari, J., Miilunpalo, S., Vuori, I. (1997). The process and methods of
health counseling by primary health care personnel in Finland: a national
survey. Patient Education and Counseling, 30, 61-70.
*Macrina, D.,
Macrina, N.,
Horvath, C.,
Gallaspy, J.,
&
Fine, P.
R.
(1996).
An educational intervention to increase use of the Glasgow Coma Scale by
emergency department personnel. International Journal of Trauma Nursing
2:
7-12.
*Mann KV, Lindsay EA, Putnam RW, Davis DA. (1997).
Increasing physician involvement in cholesterol-lowering practices: The role
of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions. Advances in Health Science
Education: Theory & Practice, 2, 237-53.
*Mann, K. V. and R. W. Putnam (1990). Barriers
to prevention: physician perceptions of ideal versus actual practices in
reducing cardiovascular risk. Canadian Family Physician, 36,
665-70.
*Mann, K. V., Viscount, P. W., Cogdon, A., Davidson, K., Languille, D. B., &
Maccara, M. E.
(1996). Multidisciplinary learning in continuing professional education: the
heart health Nova Scotia experience. Journal of Continuing Education in the
Health Professions, 16, 50-60.
*McKell, C. J.
(1994). A profile of the
New Brunswick Association of
Dietitions: Results of the Educational Needs Assessment Survey, 1993.
Fredericton, NB: New Brunswick Health and Community Services and Health
Canada.
*McKell, C. J., Chase, C., & Balram, C. (1996).
Establishing partnerships to enhance the preventive practices of dietitians. Journal
of the Canadian Dietetic Association, 57, 12-17.
*Miilunpalo, S., Laitakari, J., & Vuori, I. (1995).
Strengths and weaknesses in health counseling in Finnish primary health care.
Patient Education and Counseling, 25, 317-28.
*Paluck, E. C., Green, L. W., Frankish, C. J., Fielding, D. W.,
& Haverkamp, B. (2003).
Assessment of communication barriers in community pharmacies.
Evaluation & the Health Professions, 26,
380-403.
*Shamian, J., & Edgar, L. (1987). Nurses as agents for change in teaching
breast self-examination. Public Health Nursing, 4, 29-34.
*Smith, P. H.,
Danis, M., & Helmick, L. C. (1998) Changing the health care response to
battered women: A health education approach. Family & Community Health, 20,
1-18.
*Whyte, N., & Berland, A. (1993). The role of hospital nurses in health
promotion: A collaborative survey of
British Columbia hospital nurses.
Vancouver: Registered Nurses Assn. of British Columbia and Vancouver General
Hosp., Pub.28. [See summary: Health promotion in acute care settings:
Redefining a nursing tradition. Nursing BC March-April, 1994,
pp. 21-22.]
27>11. Studies applying PRECEDE-PROCEED to assessment of
physician attitudes, barriers, and practices in clinical health promotion
include Battista, Williams, & MacFarlane, 1990; Burglehaus, Smith, et al., 1997;
Costanza, 1992; Donovan, 1991; Downey, Cresanta, & Berenson, 1989; Duke, McGraw,
et al., 2000; Green, 1987; Green, Cargo, & Ottoson, 1994; Green, Eriksen, & Shor,
1988; Herbert, 1999; Heywood, Firman, Sanson-Fisher, & Mudge, 1996; Hiddink,
Hautvast, et al., 1995, 1997a, b (and others by this
group, see Chapter 1 endnote 31); Langille, Mann, & Gailiunas, 1997; Love et
al., 1993; Mann, 1994; Mann & Putnam, 1989, 1990; Singer, Lindsay, & Wilson, 1991; V. M.
Taylor, Taplin, et al., 1994; Thamer, et al., 1998; J. M. E.
Walsh & McPhee, 1992; Wiggers & Sanson-Fisher, 1994; Weinberger et al., 1992.
See Chapter 1, endnote 32 for others.
*Battista, R. N., Williams, J. L., & MacFarlane, L. A. (1986). Determinants of
primary medical practice in adult cancer prevention. Medical Care,
24: 216-224.
*Burglehaus, M. J., Smith, L. A., Sheps, S. B., & Green, L. W. (1997).
Physicians and breastfeeding: Beliefs, knowledge, self-efficacy and
counselling practices. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 88 (6):
383-387.
*Donovan, C. L. (1991). Factors
predisposing, enabling and reinforcing routine screening of patients for
preventing fetal alcohol syndrome: A survey of New Jersey physicians.
Journal of Drug Education, 21, 35-42.
*Downey, A. M.,
Cresanta, J. L., & Berenson, G. S. (1989). Cardiovascular health promotion in
'Heart Smart' and the changing role of physicians. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 5, 279-295.
*Duke,
S. S., McGraw, S. A., Avis, N. E., & Sherman, A. (2000). A focus group
study of DES daughters: implications for health care providers.
Psychooncology, 9, 439-444.
*Green, LW (1987). How
physicians can improve patients' participation and maintenance in self-care.
Western Journal of Medicine, 147, 346-9.
*Green, L. W., Cargo, M., and
Ottoson, J. M. (1994). The role of physicians in supporting lifestyle changes.
Medicine, Exercise, Nutrition and Health 3: 119-130. Also in
Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Society of Prospective
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, April 15-17, 1993. Indianapolis, IN:
Society of Prospective Medicine, Publishers, 1993, pp. 89-129.
*Green, L. W.,
Eriksen, M. P., & Schor, E. L. (1988). Preventive practices by physicians:
Behavioral determinants and potential interventions. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 4 (suppl. 4, 1988), 101-7, reprinted in R. N.
Battista and R. S. Lawrence, (Eds.), Implementing Preventive Services.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1988; pp. 101-7.
*Herbert, C. P. (1999).
Editorial. Should physicians assess lifestyle risk factors routinely?
Canadian Medical Association Journal, 160, 1849-1850.
*Heywood, A., Firman, D., Sanson-Fisher, R., & Mudge, P. (1996). Correlates
of physician counseling associated with obesity and smoking. Preventive
Medicine, 25, 268-276.
*Hiddink, G.
J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., Fieren, C. J., van’t Hof, M.
A. (1995). Nutrition guidance by primary-care physicians: perceived barriers
and low involvement. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49,
842-851.
*Hiddink
G. J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., & Fieren, C. J. (1997a).
Consumers' expectations about nutrition guidance: the importance of primary
care physicians. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(suppl),
1974S-1995S.
*Hiddink, G.
J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., Fieren, C. J., & van’t Hof,
M. A. (1997b). Driving forces for and barriers to nutrition guidance
practices of Dutch primary care physicians. Journal of Nutrition Education,
29, 36-41.
*Hiddink G, J.
, Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., Fieren, C. J., & van't Hof, M.
A. (1997c). Information sources and strategies of nutrition guidance used by
primary care physicians. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65
(suppl), 1996S-2003S.
*Hiddink, G.
J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. E. J., Fieren, C. J. & van’t Hof,
M. A. (1997d). Nutrition guidance by primary-care physicians: LISREL analysis
improves understanding. Preventive Medicine, 26, 29-36.
*Hiddink, G.
J., Hautvast, J. G. A. J., van Woerkum, C. M. J., van’t Hof, M. A., & Fieren,
C. J. (1999). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of nutrition guidance
by primary care physicians. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
53 (Suppl. 2), S35-S43.[and
8 other publications by this group, see endnote 1-32]
*Langille DB
(Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine,
Dalhousie University, 5849 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H
4H7), Mann KV, Gailiunas PN. Primary care physicians' perceptions of
adolescent pregnancy and STD prevention practices in a Nova Scotia county.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1997; 13(4): 324-30.
*Love, M. B., Davoli, G. W., & Thurman, Q. C. (1996). Normative beliefs of
health behavior professionals regarding the psychosocial and environmental
factors that influence health behavior change related to smoking cessation,
regular exercise, and weight loss. American Journal of Health Promotion,
10, 371-379.
*Makrides, L., Veinot, P. L.,
Richard, J. & Allen, M. J. (1997). Primary care physicians and coronary heart
disease prevention: A practice model. Patient Education and Counseling,
32, 207-217.
*Mann, K.V.
(1994). Educating medical students: lessons from research in continuing
education. Academic Medicine, 69, 41-47.
*Mann, KV (Office of the Dean,
Fac. Med., Dalhousie Univ., Tupper Med. Bldg., Halifax, NS B3H 4H7), RW Putnam
(1990). Barriers to prevention: physician perceptions of ideal versus actual
practices in reducing cardiovascular risk. Canadian Family Physician
36:665-670.
*Mann, KV, RW Putnam (1989).
Physicians' perceptions of their role in cardiovascular risk reduction.
Preventive Medicine 18:45-58.
*Mann KV
(1989). (PhD, Faculty of Medicine, Room C-16, Clinical Research Centre,
Dalhousie University, 5849 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H
4H7) Promoting adherence in hypertension: a framework for patient education.
Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 1(1):8-14, Apr
*Mann, K. V.,
Putman, R. W., Lindsay, E. A. & Davis, D. A. (1990). Cholestrol: Decreasing
the Risk. An educational program for physicians. Journal of Continuing
Education in the Health Professions, 10(3): 211-222.
*Mann KV , Lindsay EA, Putnam RW,
Davis DA. Increasing physician involvement in cholesterol-lowering practices.
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 1996; 16:
225-240.
*Mann KV, Viscount PW, Cogdon A,
Davidson K, Languille DB, Maccara ME. Multidisciplinary learning in continuing
professional education: the heart health Nova Scotia experience. Journal of
Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 1996; 16: 50-60.
*Michalsen, A., Delclos, G. L., Felknor, S. A., Davidson, A. L., Johnson, P. C., Vesley, D., Murphy, L. R., Kelen, G. D.,
& Gershon,
R. R. M. (1997). Compliance with universal precautions among physicians. Journal
of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 130-137.
*Singer, J., Lindsay, E. A., & Wilson, D. M. C. (1991).
Promoting physical activity in primary care: Overcoming the barriers.
Canadian Family Physician, 37, 2167-2173.
*Solomon, D. H., Hashimoto, H.,
Daltroy, L., & Liang, M. H. (1998). Techniques to improve physicians’
use of diagnostic tests. Journal of the American Medical Association,
280, 2020-2027.
*Taylor, V. M., Taplin, S. H., Urban, N., Mahloch, J., &
Majer, K. A. (1994). Medical community involvement in a breast cancer
screening promotional project. Public Health Reports, 109,
491-499.
*Thamer,
M., Ray, N. F., Henderson, S. C., Rinehart, C. S., Sherman, C. R. & Ferguson,
J. H. (1998). Influence of the NIH Consensus Conference on Helicobacter
Pylori on physician prescribing among a Medicaid population. Medical
Care, 36, 646-660.
*Weinberger,
M., Saunders, A. F. Bearon, L. B., Gold, D. T., Trig Brown, J., Samsa, G. P.,
& Loehrer, P. J. (1992). Physician-related barriers to breast cancer
screening in older women. The Journals of Gerontology, 47(special
issue), 111-117.
*Wiggers, John H. and Rob Sanson-Fisher
(Discipline of Behavioural Science in Relation to Med., Faculty of Med., Univ.
of Newcastle, Locked Bag No. 10, Wallsend NSW 2287, Australia) (1994). General
practitioners as agents of health risk behaviour change: Opportunities for behavioural science in patient smoking cessation. Behaviour Change,
11, 167-176.
The Missed Opportunity
28>12. Medical education leaves little time for prevention and health
promotion. Abrams Weintraub, 2003; Hymowitz, Schwab, & Eckholdt, 2001. See
also Chapter 1, endnote 32.
Abrams Weintraub, T, Saitz, R, & Samet, J. H. (2003).
Education of preventive medicine residents: alcohol, tobacco, and other drug
abuse. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24, 101-5.
Hymowitz, N., Schwab, J., & Eckholdt, H. (2001). Pediatric
residency training on tobacco: training director tobacco survey.
Preventive Medicine, 33, 688-698.
32>13. Use of chart reminders, personnel or computer-generated reminders
to cue preventive actions by physicians. E.g., Gary, Bone, et al., 2003 in
the context of a PRECEDE application; O'Malley, Gonzalez, et al., 2003.
*Gary,
T. L., Bone, L. R., Hill, M. N., Levine, D. M., McGuire, M., Saudek, C., & Brancati, F. L. (2003).
Randomized controlled trial of the effects of nurse case manager and community
health worker interventions on risk factors for diabetes-related complications
in urban African Americans. Preventive Medicine, 37, 23-32.
O'Malley, A. S., Gonzalez, R. M., Sheppard, V. B., Huerta, E., & Mandelblatt, J. (2003).
Primary care cancer control interventions including Latinos: a review.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25, 264-271.
35>14. Physician predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors predict
their practice much as such factors predict patient behavior. Green,
Eriksen, & Schorr, 1988; Mirand, Beehler, et al., 2002, 2003.
*Green, L. W., Eriksen, M. P., &
Schor, E. L. (1988). Preventive practices by physicians: Behavioral
determinants and potential interventions. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 4 ,(suppl. 4, 1988): 101-107, reprinted in R. N. Battista and R.
S. Lawrence, (Eds.), Implementing Preventive Services, pp. 101-107. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1988;
*Mirand, A. L., Beehler, G. P., Kuo, C. L.,
& Mahoney, M. C. (2002).
Physician
perceptions of primary prevention: qualitative base for the conceptual shaping
of a practice intervention tool. BMC Public Health, 2(1), 16.
*Mirand, A. L.,
Beehler, G. P., Kuo, C. L., and Mahoney, M. C. (2003).
Explaining the de-prioritization of primary prevention: Physicians'
perceptions of their role in the delivery of primary care.
BioMed Central Public Health, 3(1), 15.
15. The characterization of barriers to physicians practicing primary
prevention, based on PRECEDE analysis of focus groups themes, using grounded
theory analysis of findings: Mirand, et al., 2003. See also Thompson, Rivara et
al, 2000.
*Mirand AL, Beehler GP, Kuo CL, Mahoney MC. (2003). Explaining the
de-prioritization of primary prevention: Physicians' perceptions of their role
in the delivery of primary care. BMC Public Health, 3, 15. Full text
Epub 2003 May 02 at URL shown below with source of Figure 9-1.
*Thompson, R. S., Rivara, F. P., Thompson, D. C., Barlow, W. E., Sugg, N. K.,
Maiuro, R. D., & Rubanowice, D. M. (2000). Identification and Management of
Domestic Violence: A Randomized Trial. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 19(4): 253-262.
Figure 9-1: The barriers to physicians practicing preventive care,
represented as predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors from a focus
group study applying the PRECEDE framework.
SOURCE: Mirand, et al. 2003. Copyright © 2003, Mirand
et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim
copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any
purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original
URL. BMC Public Health. 2003; 3 (1): 15.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12729463
40>16. Patients' demand for prescription drug and low tolerance for
discomfort. Vanden Eng, Marcus, et al., 2003; Walley, 2002.
Vanden Eng, J., Marcus, R., Hadler, J. L., Imhoff, B., Vugia, D. J., Cieslak, P. R., Zell, E.,
Deneen, V., McCombs, K. G., Zansky, S. M., Hawkins, M. A., & Besser, R. E.. (2003).
Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics. Emerging Infectious
Diseases, 9, 1128-1135.
Full text.
Walley, T. (2002). Lifestyle medicines and the elderly. Drugs and Aging,
19, 163-168. Review.
41>17. Reasons for over prescribing of antibiotics. Haltiwanger,
Hayden, et al., 2001; Turnidge, 2001; Vanden Eng, Marcus, et al., 2003.
Haltiwanger, K. A., Hayden, G. F., Weber, T., Evans, B. A., & Possner, A. B. (2001).
Antibiotic-seeking behavior in college students: what do they really
expect? Journal of American College Health, 50, 9-13.
Turnidge, J. (2001). Responsible prescribing for
upper respiratory tract infections. Drugs, 61, 2065-2077. Review.
Vanden Eng, J., Marcus, R., Hadler, J. L., Imhoff, B., Vugia, D. J., Cieslak, P. R., Zell, E.,
Deneen, V., McCombs, K. G., Zansky, S. M., Hawkins, M. A., & Besser, R. E.. (2003).
Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics. Emerging Infectious
Diseases, 9, 1128-1135.
Full text.
43>18. Discrepancies in practice guidelines from different sources of
research synthesis and review. E.g., Assendelft, Morton, et al., 2003, on
discrepancies among guidelines on management of low back pain; Costanza, et al., 1992 re
American Cancer Society guidelines on
mammography vs. USPSTF and NCI; J. Mann, 2002, on the alternatives to
randomized controlled trials for long-lagged nutrition interventions, e.g., in
cancer treatment.
Assendelft, W. J., Morton, S. C., Yu, E. I., Suttorp, M. J., Shekelle, P. G. (2003).
Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain. A meta-analysis of
effectiveness relative to other therapies. Annals of Internal Medicine,
138, 871-881. Review. Summary for patients in:
Annals of Internal Medicine, 138(11), I33.
*Costanza,
M. E.,
Stoddard, A. M., Zapka, J. G., Gaw, V. P., & Barth R. (1992). Physician compliance with mammography guidelines: barriers and
enhancers. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 5 (2),
x1-10; and
231-232.
Mann, J. (2002). Discrepancies in nutritional
recommendations: The need for evidence based nutrition. Asia Pacific
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11, Suppl 3, S510-515.
44>19. Information overload for
the practitioner makes guidelines less likely to be applied. Dodek &
Ottoson, 1996. E.g., "...more than 40 clinical practice guidelines pertaining to
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been published since 1985" (Heffner &
Ellis, 2003, p. 1257). Nurses are increasingly faced with a similar overload and
additional "tension between standardisation of service, client choice and the
use of clinical expertise in decision making" (Hewitt-Taylor, 2003, p. 41).
Dodek, P. & Ottoson, J. M. (1996). The implementation
link between clinical practice guidelines and continuing medical education.
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 16, 82-93.
Heffner, J. E., & Ellis, R. (2003). The guideline approach to chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease: how effective? Respiratory Care, 48, 1257-1268.
Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2003). Developing and using clinical guidelines.
Nursing Standards, 18, 41-44. Review.
The Rationale
20. Guidelines often seen by practitioners as derived
from artificially constructed research in populations and circumstances
unrepresentative of their own. Garfield, et al., 2003; Glasgow et al., 2003;
Green, 2001.
Garfield, S. A., Malozowski, S., Chin, M. H., Venkat Narayan, K. M.,
Glasgow, R. E., Green, L. W., Hiss, R. G., Krumholz, H. M., Diabetes Mellitus Interagency
Coordinating Committee (DIMCC) Translation Conference Working Group. (2003).
Considerations for diabetes translational research in real-world settings.
Diabetes Care, 26, 2670-2674.
Glasgow, R. E., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. C. (2003). Why don't we see more
translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the
efficacy-to-effectiveness transition. American Journal of Public Health,
93, 1261-1267.
Green, L. W. (2001). From research to "best practices" in other settings and
populations. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25, 165-78.
[full text]
21. Making the research more relevant to practitioners
and their patients through participatory research. E.g., Green & Mercer,
2001; Macaulay, Commanda, et al., 1999.
Green, L. W., & Mercer, S. L. (2001). Can public health researchers and agencies
reconcile the push from funding bodies and the pull from communities?
American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1926-1929.
Green, L. W., & Mercer, S. M. (2004). Participatory research. In N. Anderson
(Ed.). Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior, vol 2, pp. 650-653.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Macaulay, A. C., Commanda, L. E., Freeman, W. L., Gibson, N., McCabe, M. L., Robbins, C. M.,
& Twohig,
P. L. (1999). Participatory research maximises community and lay
involvement. North American Primary Care Research Group. British Medical
Journal, 319, 774-778. Review.
48>22. Primary care practitioners provide preventive
services in less than 1/3 of patients seen. U.S. Preventive Services Task
Force, 1996.
US Preventive Services Task Force (1996). Guide to Clinical Preventive Services.
2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
54>23. Contributions of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to putting
patient education and counseling interventions into the mainstream of clinical
prevention. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 1989.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (1989). Guide to clinical preventive
services: An assessment of the effectiveness of 169 interventions.
Baltimore: William & Wilkens.
An Epidemiological and Community Approach to Health Care
55>24. The ecological focus of
this section, based on adaptations and updates of Green, 1994, and of
Green, Mullen, & Friedman, 1986, and Ibid as Chapter 29 in Cramer &
Spilker, 1991, is on the environments of patients, including the home,
school, workplace, and the health care setting itself. For consideration of the
role of hospitals and health care workers in community health promotion, school
health, or work-site health promotion, see the respective previous chapters. For
applications of PRECEDE in hospital settings, see Bartholmew, Koenning,
et al., 1994; Bartholomew, Seilheimer, et al., 1988. This project received the Award of Program Excellence from the
Society for Public Health Education, 1994. Berland, Whyte, & Maxwell, 1995;
Burglehaus, Smith, Sheps, & Green, 1997; Calabro, Weltge, et al., 1998;
Fulmer et al., 1992; Han, Baumann, &
Cimprich, 1996; Kovar et al., 1992; Larson et al., 1991, 1997;
Macrina, Macrina, et al., 1996; McGovern, Kochevar, et al., 1997; Macarthur, Macarthur, & Weeks, 1995; Malo & Leviton, 1987;
Michalsen et al., 1997; Parcel et al., 1994; Taggart et al., 1991; van Veenendal, Grinspun, &
Adriaanse, 1996.
*Bartholomew
L. K., Koenning, G., Dahlquist, L., & Barron, K. (1994).
An educational needs assessment of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Care and Research 7: 136-143.
*Bartholomew, L. K., Seilheimer, D. K., Parcel, G. S., Spinelli, S. H., &
Pumariega, A. J. (1989).
“Planning patient education for cystic fibrosis: Application of a diagnostic
framework,”Patient Education and Counseling, 13, 57-68.
*Berland, A., Whyte, N. B., & Maxwell, L. (1995). Hospital nurses and health
promotion. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 27, 13-31.
*Burglehaus, M. J., Smith, L. A., Sheps, S. B., & Green, L. W. (1997).
Physicians and breastfeeding: Beliefs, knowledge, self-efficacy and
counselling practices. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 88, 383-387.
*Calabro,
K., Weltge, A., Parnell, S., Kouzekanani, K. & Ramirez, E. (1998).
Intervention for medical students: Effective infection control. American
Journal of Infection Control, 26: 431-436.
*Fulmer, H. S.,
Cashman, S., Hattis, P., Schlaff, A., & Horgan, D. M.. (1992). Bridging the
gap between medicine, public health and the community: PATCH and the Carney
Hospital experience. Journal of Health Education, 23, 167-170.
*Green, L.W. (1994). Refocusing health care systems to address both individual
care and population health. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 17,
133-141.
*Green, L. W., Mullen, P. D., & Friedman, R. (1986). An epidemiological
approach to targeting drug information. Patient Education & Counseling,
8, 255-268.
*Han, Y., Baumann, L. C., & Cimprich, B. (1996). Factors
influencing registered nurses teaching breast self-examination to female
clients. Cancer Nursing, 19, 197-203.
*Kovar, P. A.,
Allegrante, J. P. MacKenzie, R., Peterson, M. G. E., Gutin, B., & Charlson, M.
E. (1992). Supervised fitness walking in patients with osteoarthritis of the
knee: A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116,
529-534.
*Larson, E. L., Bryan, J. L., Adler, L. M., & Blane, C.
(1997). A multifaceted approach to changing handwashing behavior. American
Journal of Infection Control, 25, 3-10.
*9-24
Larson, E., McGeer, A., Quraishi, Z. A., et al.
(1991). Effect of an automated
sink on handwashing practices and attitudes in high-risk units.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 12, 422-427.
*Macrina, D.,
Macrina, N., Horvath, C.,
Gallaspy, J., &
Fine, P.
R. (1996).
An educational intervention to increase use of the Glasgow Coma Scale by
emergency department personnel. International Journal of Trauma Nursing,
2,
7-12.
*McGovern, P. M., Kochevar, L. K., Vesley, D., & Gershon,
R. R. M. (1997). Laboratory professionals' compliance with universal
precautions. Laboratory Medicine, 28, 725-730.
*Macarthur, A., Macarthur,
C., &
Weeks,
S. (1995). Epidural anaesthesia and low back pain after delivery: A
prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 311,
1336-1339.
*Maiman,
L. A., Green, L. W., Gibson G., & MacKenzie, E. J. (1979). Education for
self-treatment by adult asthmatics. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 241, 1919-1922.
Malo, E., & Leviton, L. C. (1987). Decision points for hospital-based health
promotion. Hospital and Health Services Administration, 32,
49-61.
*Michalsen, A., Delclos, G. L., Felknor, S. A., Davidson,
A. L., Johnson, P. C., Vesley, D., Murphy, L. R., Kelen, G. D., & Gershon, R.
R. M. (1997). Compliance with universal precautions among physicians. Journal
of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 39, 130-7.
*Parcel, G.
S., Swank, P. R., Mariotto, M. J., Bartholomew, L. K., Czyzewski, D. I.,
Sockride, M. M., & Seilheim, D. K. (1994). Self-management of
cystic-fibrosis--A structural model for educational and behavioral variables.
Social Science and Medicine, 38, 1307-1315.
*Taggart, V. S., Zuckerman, A. E., Sly, R. M.,
Steinmueller, C., Newman, G., O'Brien, R. W., Schneider, S., & Bellanti, J.
A.(1991). You can control asthma: evaluation of an asthma education program
for hospitalized inner-city children. Patient Education and Counseling, 17,
35-47.
*van
Veenendal, H., Grinspun, D. R., & Adriaanse, H. P. (1996).
Educational needs of stroke survivors and their family members, as perceived
by themselves and by health professionals. Patient Education and
Counseling, 28, 265-276.
56>25. The terms compliance and
patient are used here for convenience and convention, even though several of
the types of error discussed here are not patient errors of failing to follow
physicians’ directions, and when they are errors of the recipients of medical
instructions, the errors are not strictly within the role of patient. Many are
errors sometimes of physicians, nurses, or pharmacists themselves, or of
patients who have not yet received appropriate directions from a physician or
other health care provider. We shall introduce the phrase health care error to
encompass the wider range of behavioral and environmental sources of medical or
health care problems that PRECEDE-PROCEED attempts to address. The issue of
practitioner compliance with best practices guidelines has become one of the
focal points for many applications of PRECEDE-PROCEED. See for example Makrides,
Veinot, Richard, & Allen, 1997; K. V. Mann & Putnam, 1989, 1990; K. V. Mann, Putnam,
Lindsay, & Davis, 1996; and endnotes 18-20 above. For more on the concept and
language of compliance, see Mullen, 1997.
*Makrides, L., Veinot, P. L.,
Richard, J. & Allen, M. J. (1997). Primary care physicians and coronary heart
disease prevention: A practice model. Patient Education and Counseling,
32, 207-217.
*Mann, KV (Office of the Dean,
Fac. Med., Dalhousie Univ., Tupper Med. Bldg., Halifax, NS B3H 4H7), RW Putnam
(1990). Barriers to prevention: physician perceptions of ideal versus actual
practices in reducing cardiovascular risk. Canadian Family Physician
36:665-670.
*Mann, KV, RW Putnam (1989).
Physicians' perceptions of their role in cardiovascular risk reduction.
Preventive Medicine 18:45-58.
*Mann, K. V.,
Putman, R. W., Lindsay, E. A. & Davis, D. A. (1990). Cholesterol: Decreasing
the Risk. An educational program for physicians. Journal of Continuing
Education in the Health Professions, 10: 211-222.
Mullen, P. D.
(1997). Compliance becomes concordance. British Medical Journal, 314, 691-692.
58>26. Reviews of continuing
medical education and dissemination of best practices based on PRECEDE
framework: Burr & Johanson, 1998; D. A. Davis, Thomson, Oxman, &
Haynes, 1992, 1995; Lomas, 1993; Lomas & Haynes, 1988; Mann, 1994; Oxman,
Thomson, Davis, & Haynes, 1995; Tamblyn & Battista, 1993. See also endnotes 10
and 11 above.
*Burr, R., & Johanson, R. (1998).
Continuing medical education: An opportunity for bringing about change in
clinical practice. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 105,
940-945.
*Davis
D. A., Thomson, M. A., Oxman, A. D., Haynes, R. B. (1992). Evidence for the
effectiveness of CME: A review of 50 randomized controlled trials. Journal
of the American Medical Association, 268, 1111-1117.
*Lomas, J.
(1993). Diffusion, dissemination, and implementation: Who should do what? In
K. S. Warren & F. Mosteller (Eds.). Doing more good than harm: The
evaluation of health care interventions (pp. 226-237). New York: Annals of
the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 703.
*Lomas, J. and Haynes, R. B. (1988). A taxonomy and critical review of tested
strategies for the application of clinical practice recommendations: From
"official" to "individual" clinical policy. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 4, (Suppl.), 77-94.
*Oxman,
A. D., Thomson, M. A., Davis, D. A., Haynes, R. B. (1995). No magic bullets: A
systematic review of 102 trials of interventions to improve professional
practice. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 153, 1423-1431.
*Tamblyn,
R., & Battista, R. (1993). Changing clinical practice: Which interventions
work? Journal of Continuing Education in the Health
Professions, 13, 273-288.
Epidemiology
of Health Care Errors
Health
Care Errors of Omission
60>27.
Applications of PRECEDE in assessing or planning for screening behavior and
programs. Allen, 1992; Bird, Otero-Sabogal, 1996; Black, Stein, &
Loveland-Cherry, 2001; Buller, Modiano, et al., 1998; Chie & Chang, 1994;
Cockburn, Tompson, et al., 1997; Coleman, Lord, et al., 2003; Curry & Emmons,
1994; Danigelis & Roberson, 1995; Desnick, Taplin, et al., 1999; Dignan,
Michielutte, et al., 1998; Engelstad, Bedeian, et al., 1996; Mercer et al.,
1997; Rimer, 1993; Zapka, Stoddard, et al., 1989; Zapka et al., 1993.
*Allen,
K. D. (1992). Predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors associated with
women’s reported Pap smear screening behaviour (Master’s thesis). Toronto,
ON: University of Toronto, Graduate Department of Nursing Science.
*Bird,
J. A., Otero-Sabogal, R., Ha, N.-T., & McPhee, S. J. (1996).
Tailoring lay health worker interventions for diverse cultures: lessons
learned from Vietnamese and Latina communities. Health Education and
Behavior, 23 (Suppl.), S105-S122.
*Black,
M. E. A., Stein, K. F., Loveland-Cherry, C .J.
(2001).Older
women and mammography screening behavior: Do
possible
selves contribute? Health Education and Behavior, 28, 200-216.
*Buller,
D., MR Modiano, J Guernsey de Zapien, J Meister, S Saltzman & F Hunsaker
(1998). Predictors of cervical cancer screening in Mexican American women of
reproductive age. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved,
9 (1): 76-95.
*Chie,
W. C., & Chang,
K. J.
(1994). Factors related to tumor size of breast cancer at treatment in
Taiwan. Preventive Medicine, 23, 91-97.
*Cockburn, J.,
Tompson, S. C., Marks, R., Jolley, D., Schofield, P., & Hill, D. (1997). Behavioural dynamics of a clinical trial of sunscreens for reducing solar
keratoses in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health, 51: 716-721.
*Coleman, E. A., Lord, J., Heard, J., Coon, S., Cantrell, M., Mohrmann, C., &
O’Sullivan, P. (2003).
The Delta Project: Increasing breast cancer screening among rural minority and
older women by targeting rural healthcare providers. Oncology Nursing
Forum, 30, 669-677.
*Curry, S. J.,
& Emmons, K. M. (1994). Theoretical models for predicting and improving
compliance with breast cancer screening. Annals of Behavioral Medicine,
16, 302-316.
*Danigelis, N. L., Roberson,
N. L.,
Worden,
J. K., Flynn, B., Dorwaldt,
A. L.,
Ashley,
J. A., Skelly,
J. M.,
&
Mickey,
R. M. (1995). Breast screening by African-American women: Insights from a
household survey and focus groups. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 11, 311-317.
*Desnick, L., Taplin, S., Taylor, V., Coole, D., & Urban,
N. (1999). Clinical breast examination in primary care: Perceptions and
predictors among three specialties. Journal of Women’s Health, 8,
389-397.
*Dignan, M.
B., Michielutte, R., Wells, H. B., Sharp, P., Blinson, K., Case, L. D., Bell,
R., Konen, J., Davis, S., & McQuellon, R. P. (1998). Health education to
increase screening for cervical cancer among Lumbee Indian women in North
Carolina. Health Education Research, 13, 545-556.
*Dignan, M. B., Michielutte, R ., Wells, H. B., & Bahnson, J. (1994).
The Forsyth County Cervical Cancer
Prevention Project--I. Cervical cancer screening for black women. Health
Education Research, 9, 411-420.
*Engelstad,
L., Bedeian, K., Schorr, K., & Stewart, S. (1996). Pathways to early
detection of cervical cancer for a multiethnic, indigent, emergency department
population. Health Education and Behavior, 23 (Suppl.),
S89-S104.
*Mercer, S. L., Goel, V., Levy, I. G., Ashbury, F. D., Iverson, D. C., & Iscoe,
N. A. (1997). Prostrate cancer screening in the midst of controversy: Canadian
men’s knowledge, beliefs, utilization, and future intentions. Canadian
Journal of Public Health, 88, 327-332.
*Rimer,
B. K. (1995). Audience and messages for breast and cervical cancer screenings.
Wellness Perspectives: Research, Theory and Practice, 11(2):13-39.
*Rimer, B. K., Davis, S. W., Engstrom, P. F., et al.
(1988). Some reasons for
compliance and noncompliance in a health maintenance organization breast
cancer screening program. Journal of Compliance in Health Care, 3,
103-114.
*Rimer, B. K.,
Jones, W., Wilson, C., Bennett, D., & Engstrom, P. (1983). Planning a cancer
control program for older citizens. Gerontologist, 23, 384-389.
*Rimer,
B. K., Keintz, M. K., Kessler, H. B., Engstrom, P. F., & Rosan, J. R.
(1989). Why women resist screening mammography: Patient-related barriers.
Radiology, 172, 243-6.
*Zapka, J.
G.., Harris, D. R., Hosmer, D., Costanza, M. E., Mas, E., & Barth, R. (1993).
Effect of a community health center intervention on breast cancer screening
among Hispanic American women. Health Services Research, 28, 223-35.
*Zapka,
J. G., Stoddard, A. M., Costanza, M. E., & Greene, H. L. (1989). Breast cancer
screening by mammography: Utilization and associated factors. American
Journal of Public Health, 79, 1499-1502.
*Zapka, J. G., & Mamon, J. A. (1982). Integration of theory, practitioner
standards, literature findings and baseline data: A case study in planning
breast self-examination education. Health Education Quarterly, 9,
330-356.
*Zapka, J. G., & Mamon, J. A. (1986). Breast elf-examination in young women.
II. Characteristics associated with proficiency. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 2, 70-78.
64-28. For
specific applications of PRECEDE for increased use of health services for high
blood pressure control, see R. L. Bertera & Cuthie, 1984; Fors, Owen, et
al., 1989; Grueninger, Duffy, & Goldstein, 1995;
Haber, 1994; D. M. Levine et al., 1982; Livingston, 1985; Mamon et al., 1987;
Mann, 1989; Modeste, Abbey, & Hopp, 1984–1985; Morisky, Levine, Wood et al.,
1981; Salazar, 1985; Wallenius, et al., 1995; Ward et al., 1982.
*Bertera, R. L., & Cuthie, J. C. (1984).
Blood pressure self-monitoring in the workplace. Journal of Occupational
Medicine, 26, 183-188.
*Fors, S. W.,
Owen, S., Hall, W. D., et al. (1989). Evaluation of a diffusion strategy for
school-based hypertension education. Health Education Quarterly, 16,
255-61.
*Grueninger, U. J., Duffy, F. D., & Goldstein, M. G. (1995). Patient education
in the medical encounter: How to facilitate learning, behavior change, and
coping. In M. Lipkin, Jr., S. M. Putnam, and A. Lazare (Eds.), The medical
interview: Clinical care, education, and research, pp. 122-133,.Bern: Mack
Lipkin, Jr., MD.
*Haber,
D. (1994). Medical screenings and health assessments. In D. Haber (Ed.),
Health promotion and aging (pp. 41-76).
New York,
NY: Springer Publishing Company.
*Levine, D. M., Morisky, D. E., Bone, L. R.,
Lewis, C., Ward, W.B., & Green,
L.W. (1982).
Data-based planning for educational interventions through hypertension control
programs for urban and rural populations in Maryland. Public Health Reports,
97, 107-112.
*Livingston, I. L. (1985). Hypertension and health education intervention in
the Carribean: A public health appraisal. Journal of the National Medical
Association, 77, 273-820.
*Modeste, N. N., Abbey,
D. E.,
& Hopp, J.
W.(1984-85).
Hypertension in a
Caribbean
population. International Quarterly of Community Health Education,
5, 203-211.
*Morisky, D. E., Levine, D. M. Wood, J. C., et al. (1981). Systems approach
for the planning, diagnosis, implementation and evaluation of community health
education approaches in the control of high blood pressure. Journal of
Operations Research, 50, 625-634.
*Salazar, M. K. (1985). Dealing with hypertension: Using theory to promote
behavioral change. AAOHN Journal, 43, 313-318.
*Wallenius, S. H., Vainio,
K. K.,
Korhonen, M. J. H., Hartzema,
A. G.,
& Enlund, H.K. (1995). Self-initiated modification of hypertension treatment
in response to perceived problems. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 29,
1213-1217.
*Ward, W. B.,
Levine, D. M., Morisky, D., Bone, L. R., Ward, E., Soff, G., & McKinney, R.
(1982). Controlling high blood pressure in inner city Baltimore through
community health education. In R. W. Carlaw (Ed.). Perspectives on
Community Health Education: A Series of Case Studies. Vol 1:
United States
(pp. 73-79). Oakland, CA: Third Party Publishing Co.
76>29.
Pharmacists' interventions to clarify or correct drug errors. Herbert &
Paluck, 1997; Paluck, 1998; Paluck, Green, et al., 2003.
Herbert, C. P., & Paluck, E. (1997). Can primary care physicians be a resource
to their patients in decisions regarding alternative and complementary
therapies for cancer? Patient Education and Counseling, 31, 179-180.
*Paluck,
E. C. M. (1998). Pharmacist-client communication: A study of quality and
client satisfaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
*Paluck EC, Green LW, Frankish CJ, Fielding DW, Haverkamp B. (2003).
Assessment of communication barriers in community pharmacies.
Evaluation and the Health Professions, 26,
380-403.
77>30. When drug prices are too high. Cockburn et
al., 1997; Danzon & Towse, 2003.
*Cockburn, J.,
Tompson, S. C., Marks, R., Jolley, D., Schofield, P., & Hill, D. (1997).
Behavioural dynamics of a clinical trial of sunscreens for reducing solar
keratoses in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health, 51, 716-721.
Danzon, P. M., & Towse, A. (2003). Differential pricing for pharmaceuticals:
reconciling access, R&D and patents. International Journal of Health Care,
Finance & Economics, 3,183-205.
Health Care Errors of Commission
80>31. For reviews of the continuing medical education
literature applying PRECEDE, see Bertram & Brooks-Bertram, 1977; and the
more recent reviews cited in endnote 26. For other approaches based on quality
control, see Canadian Council of Cardiovascular Nurses, 1993, which uses the
Precede model to set clinical health promotion standards of practice and quality
assurance guidelines for cardiovascular nurses; see also Eriksen, Green, &
Fultz, 1988; Goldrick & Larson, 1992; Grol, 2002; Mann, Viscount, et al., 1996;
Mann, Putman, et al., 1990; Ottoson, 1995; Tamblyn & Battista, 1993.
*Bertram, D. A., & Brooks-Bertram, P. A. (1977). The evaluation of continuing
medical education: A literature review. Health Education Monographs, 5,
330-362.
*Canadian Council of Cardiovascular Nurses (1993).
Standards for cardiovascular
health
education.
Ottawa: Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.
*Eriksen, M. P.,. Green, L. W., & Fultz, F. G. (1988). Principles of changing
health behavior. Cancer, 62, 1768-1775.
*Goldrick, B.
A., & Larson, E. (1992). Assessing the need for infection control programs: a
diagnostic approach. Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 20,
20-23.
*Grol,
R. (2002). Changing physicians' competence and performance: finding the
balance between the individual and the organization. Journal of Continuing
Education in the Health Professions, 22, 244-251.
*Mann KV,
Viscount PW, Cogdon A, Davidson K, Languille DB, Maccara ME.
Multidisciplinary learning in continuing professional education: The heart
health Nova Scotia experience. Journal of Continuing Education in
the Health Professions, 16, 50-60.
*Mann,
K. V., Putman, R. W., Lindsay, E. A. & Davis, D. A. (1990). Cholesterol:
Decreasing the risk. An educational program for physicians. Journal of
Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 10, 211-222.
*Tamblyn,
R., & Battista, R. (1993). Changing clinical practice: Which interventions
work? Journal of Continuing Education in the Health
Professions, 13, 273-288.
81>32.
Applications of PRECEDE in accomplishing patient education through mass media
include Bakdash, 1983;
Centers for Disease Control, 1987; Kroger, 1994; Meredith, O’Reilly, & Schulz,
1989.
*Bakdash,
M. B. (1983). The use of mass media in community periodontal education.
Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 43, 128-131.
*Centers for Disease Control (1987). Information/Education Plan to Prevent
and Control AIDS in the United
States.
Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human
Service.
*Kroger, F. (1994). Toward a
healthy public. American Behavioral Scientist, 38, 215-223.
*Meredith, K.,
O’Reilly, K., & Schulz, S. L. Education for HIV risk reduction in the
hemophilia community: Report of the meeting, Convening a Panel of Expert
Consultants; Atlanta, GA, November 28-30, 1989.
*Yeo, M. (1998). Drug-related
illness in older women: Perceptions of factors affecting nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug self-management practices. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation,
University of Calgary, Alberta.
Green, L. W., Mullen, P. D., & Friedman, R. (1986). An epidemiological
approach to targeting drug information. Patient Education & Counseling,
8, 255-268.
90>35.
Tailoring of health messages for patients or professionals now possible with
computer technology. Casebeer, Strasser, et al., 2003; Flottorp & Oxman,
2003; Kreuter, Oswald, et al., 2000; Kukafka, Lussier, et al., 2002.
Casebeer, L. L., Strasser SM, Spettell CM, Wall TC, Weissman N, Ray MN, Allison JJ.
(2003). Designing tailored Web-based instruction to improve practicing
physicians' preventive practices. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 5,
e20.
Flottorp S, Oxman AD. (2003). Identifying barriers and tailoring
interventions to improve the management of urinary tract infections and sore
throat: a pragmatic study using qualitative methods. BMC Health Services
Research, 3, 3. [Full text]
Kreuter MW, Oswald DL, Bull FC, Clark EM. (2000). Are tailored health
education materials always more effective than non-tailored materials?
Health Education Research, 15, 305-15.
Kukafka R, Lussier YA, Eng P, Patel VL, Cimino JJ. (2002). Web-based
tailoring and its effect on self-efficacy: results from the MI-HEART
randomized controlled trial. Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium, 410-4.
91>36. Applications of PRECEDE in prenatal assessment or
clinical preventive care include Covington, Peoples-Sheps, et al., 1998;
Donovan, 1991; V. C. Li et al., 1984; Olson, 1994; Sword, 1999; Williams, Innis,
et al., 1999; Windsor, 1984, 1986; Windsor et al., 1985.
*Covington, D. L., Peoples-Sheps, M. D., Buescher, P. A., Bennett, T. A. &
Paul, M. V. (1998).
An evaluation of an adolescent prenatal education program. American Journal
of Health Behavior, 22, 323-33.
*Donovan, C.L. (1991). Factors predisposing, enabling and reinforcing routine
screening of patients for preventing fetal alcohol syndrome: A survey of New
Jersey physicians. Journal of Drug Education, 21, 35-42.
*Li, V. C., Coates, T. J., Spielberg, L. A., et al.
(1984). Smoking cessation with young women in public family planning clinics:
The impact of physician messages and waiting room media. Preventive
Medicine, 13, 477-489.
*Olson, C. M. (1994). Promoting positive nutritional practices during
pregnancy and lactation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
59(suppl.), 525S-31S.
*Sword, W.
(1999). A socio-ecological approach to understanding barriers to prenatal care
for women of low income. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 1170-7.
*Williams, P. L., Innis, S. M., Vogel, A. M. P., & Stephen, L. J. (1999).
Factors influencing infant feeding practices of mothers in Vancouver.
Canadian Journal of Public Health, 90, 114-9.
*Windsor, R. A. (1984). Planning and Evaluation of Public Health Education
Programs in Rural Settings: Theory into Practice, in Advancing Health
Through Education: A Case Study Approach, H.P. Cleary, J. M. Kichen, P. G.
Ensor, eds. (Palo Alto: Mayfield), pp. 273-84.
*Windsor,
R. A. (1986). An application of the PRECEDE Model for planning and evaluating
education methods for pregnant smokers. Hygie: International Journal of
Health Education 5 (3): 38-43.
*Windsor, R. A., Cutter, G.. Morris, J., Reese, Y.,
Adams, B. & Bartlett, E. (1985). Effectiveness of self-help smoking cessation
interventions for pregnant women in public health maternity clinics: A
randomized trial. American Journal of Public Health, 75,
1389-1392.
Patient Considerations in Targeting Interventions
94>37. Some applications of PRECEDE in assessing patient “compliance,”
“adherence,” or “concordance” problems in selected care issues and settings
include Allegrante, Kovar, et al., 1993; W. C. Bailey et al., 1987; Barnhoorn &
Andriannse, 1992; Bowler & Morisky, 1983; Bowler, Morisky, & Deeds, 1980;
Chwalow, Green, et al., 1978; Cramer, 1994; Cramer & Spilker, 1991; Eastaugh &
Hatcher, 1982; Estey, Tan, & Mann, 1990; Fedder, 1982; Fireman, Friday, et al.,
1981; Green, Levine, et al., 1979; Green & Simons-Morton, 1988; Kelly, 1990;
Leppik, 1990; Levine, Green, et al., 1979; Mann & Putnam, 1989; Morisky, 1986;
Morisky, DeMuth, et al., 1985; Opdycke,
Ascione, et al., 1992; Parcel, Swank,
et al., 1994; Rimer, Davis, et al., 1988; Rimer, Keintz, et al., 1989;
Roter, 1977; Tamez & Vacalis, 1989; Zapka et al., 1993.
*Allegrante, J. P., Kovar, P. A., MacKenzie, C. R., Peterson, M. G., Gutin, B.
(1993). A walking education program for patients with osteoarthritis of the
knee: Theory and intervention strategies. Health Education Quarterly,20,
63-81.
*Bailey, W. C.,
Richards, JM Jr, Manzella BA, Windsor RA, Brooks CM, Soong SJ.
(1987). Promoting self-management in adults with asthma: an overview of
the UAB program.
Health Education Quarterly,
14, 345-55.
*Barnhoorn,
F. & Adriaanse, H. (1992).
In search of factors responsible for noncompliance among tuberculosis patients
in Wardha District, India. Social Science & Medicine, 34,
291-306. [Erratum published in Social Science & Medicine, 1992
Jun;34(11):II].
*Bowler, M. H. and Morisky, D. E. (1983). Small group strategy for improving
compliance behavior and blood pressure control. Health Education Quarterly,
10, 57-69.
*Bowler, M.H.,
Morisky, D.E., & Deeds, S.G. (1980). Needs assessment strategies in working
with compliance issues and blood pressure control. Patient Counseling and
Health Education, 2, 22-27.
*Chwalow, A. J., Green, L. W., Levine, D. M., & Deeds, S. G. (1978). Effects
of the multiplicity of interventions on the compliance of hypertensive
patients with medical regimens in an inner-city population. Preventive
Medicine, 7, 51.
*Cramer, J. A. (1994). Quality of life and compliance. In M. R. Trimble and
W. E. Dodson (Eds.), Epilepsy and Quality of Life.
New York:
Raven Press, Chap. 4, pp. 49-63.
*9-37 Cramer, J. A., & Spilker, B. (Eds.). (1991). Patient
compliance in medical practice and clinical trials. New York: Raven Press.
*Eastaugh, S. R., & Hatcher, M. E. (1982). Improving compliance among
hypertensives: A triage criterion with cost-benefit implications. Medical
Care, 20, 1001-1017.
*Estey, A. L., Tan, M. H., Mann, K.
(1990). Follow-up intervention: Its effect on compliance behavior
to a diabetes regimen. Diabetes Education, 16, 291-295.
*Fedder, D. O. (1982). Managing medication and compliance:
Physician-pharmacist-patient interactions. Journal American Geriatric
Society, 11 (Suppl.), 113-117.
*Fireman, P.,
Friday, G. A., Gira, C., Vierthaler, W. A., Michaels, L. (1981). Teaching
self-management skills to asthmatic children and their parents in an
ambulatory care setting. Pediatrics, 68, 341-348.
*Green, L. W., Levine, D. M., Wolle, J., & Deeds, S. G. (1979). Development of
randomized patient education experiments with urban poor hypertensives.
Patient Counseling and Health Education, 1, 106-111.
*Green, L.W.,
and Simons-Morton, D. (1988). Denial, delay and disappointment: discovering
and overcoming the causes of drug errors and missed appointments. In D.
Schmidt, & I. E. Leppik (eds.). Compliance in Epilepsy (Epilepsy
Research, Suppl. 1, pp. 7-21) Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
*Kelly, G. R.
(1990). Medication compliance and health education among outpatients with
chronic mental disorders. Medical Care, 28, 1181-1197.
*Leppik, I. E.
(1990). How to get patients with epilepsy to take their medication: The
problem of noncompliance. Postgraduate Medicine, 88, 253-256.
*Levine, D. M., Green, L. W., Russell, R. P., Morisky, D., Chwalow, A. J., and
Benson, P. (1979). Compliance in hypertension management: What the physician
can do. Practical Cardiology, 5, 151-60.
*Morisky, D.
E. (1986). Nonadhenence to medical recommendations for hypertensive patients:
Problems and potential solutions. Journal of Compliance in Health Care, 1,
5-20.
*Morisky, D. E., DeMuth, N. M., Field-Fass, M., Green, L. W., & Levine, D. M.
(1985). Evaluation of family health education to build social support for
long-term control of high blood pressure. Health Education Quarterly, 12,
35-50.
*Morisky, D. E.,. Levine, D. M , Green, L. W., Shapiro, S., Russell, R. P., &
Smith, C. R. (1983). Five-year blood-pressure control and mortality following
health education for hypertensive patients. American Journal of Public
Health, 73, 153-62.
*Opdycke, R.
A. C., Ascione, F. J., Shimp, L. A., & Rosen, R. I. (1992). A systematic
approach to educating elderly patients about their medications. Patient
Education and Counseling, 19, 43-60.
*Parcel, G.
S., Swank, P. R., Mariotto, M. J., Bartholomew, L. K., Czyzewski, D. I.,
Sockride, M. M., & Seilheim, D. K. (1994). Self-management of
cystic-fibrosis--A structural model for educational and behavioral variables.
Social Science and Medicine, 38, 1307-15.
*Rimer, B. K., Davis, S. W., Engstrom, P. F., et al.
(1988). Some reasons for compliance and noncompliance in a health maintenance
organization breast cancer screening program. Journal of Compliance in
Health Care, 3, 103-14.
*Rimer,
B. K., Keintz, M. K., Kessler, H. B., Engstrom, P. F., & Rosan, J. R.
(1989). Why women resist screening mammography: patient-related barriers.
Radiology, 172, 243-6.
and others on compliance with
mammography screening exams (see endnote 9-27).
*Roter, D. L. (1977). Patient participation in the patient-provider
interaction: The effects of patient question-asking on the quality of
interaction, satisfaction and compliance. Health Education Monographs, 5,
281-315.
*Tamez,
E. G. & Vacalis, T. D. (1989).
Health beliefs, the significant
other and compliance with therapeutic regimens among adult Mexican American
diabetics. Health Education, 20(6), 24-31.
*Zapka J.G., Costanza, M. E., Harris, D. R., Hosmer, D., Stoddard, A., Barth,
R., & Gaw, V. (1993). Impact of a breast cancer screening community
intervention. Preventive Medicine, 22, 34-53.
The Undiagnosed
96>38. Women
acknowledge more symptoms and seek more care for them than do men. Some assessments of health care utilization patterns applying
PRECEDE include W. C. Bailey, et al., 1987; Barner, Mason, & Murray, 1999;
Coleman, Lord, et al., 2003; Covington, Peoples-Sheps, et al., 1998; Knazan,
1986; Maxwell, Bastani, & Warda, 1998; Mercer et al., 1997; Muus & Ahmed, 1991;
Rimer, 1993; Zapka, Harris, et al., 1993; Zapka, Stoddard, et al., 1989.
*Bailey, W. C., Richards, J. M., Jr, Manzella, B. A., Windsor, R. A.,
Brooks, C. M., & Soong, S. J.
(1987). Promoting self-management in adults with asthma: an overview of
the UAB program. Health Education Quarterly,
14, 345-355.
*Barner, J. C., Mason, H. L., & Murray, M. D. (1999).
Assessment of asthma patients' willingness to pay for and give time to an
asthma self-management program. Clinical Therapeutics, 21, 878-894.
*Coleman, E. A., Lord, J., Heard, J., Coon, S., Cantrell, M., Mohrmann, C., &
O’Sullivan, P. (2003).
The Delta Project: Increasing breast cancer screening among rural minority and
older women by targeting rural healthcare providers. Oncology Nursing
Forum, 30, 669-77.
*Covington, D. L., Peoples-Sheps, M. D. , Buescher, P. A., Bennett, T. A. &
Paul, M.V. (1998). An evaluation of an adolescent prenatal education program.
American Journal of Health Behavior, 22, 323-33.
*Knazan, Y.L.
(1986). Application of PRECEDE to dental health promotion for a Canadian
well-elderly population. Gerodontics 2, 180-185.
*Maxwell, A. E., Bastani, R., & Warda, U. S. (1998).
Mammography utilization and related attitudes among Korean-American women.
Women and Health, 27, 89-107.
*Mercer, S. L., Goel, V., Levy, I. G., Ashbury, F. D.,
Iverson, D. C., & Iscoe, N. A. (1997). Prostrate cancer screening in the midst
of controversy: Canadian men’s knowledge, beliefs, utilization, and future
intentions. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 88, 327-332.
*Muus,
K. J. & Ahmed,
K. A.(1991).
Physician utilization behavior among rural residents. Focus on Rural
Health, Fall, 10-12.
*Zapka, J. G.., Harris, D. R., Hosmer, D., Costanza, M. E., Mas, E., & Barth,
R. (1993). Effect of a community health center intervention on breast cancer
screening among Hispanic American women. Health Services Research, 28,
223-235.
*Zapka, J. G., Stoddard, A., & Barth, R., et al. (1989). Breast Cancer
Screening Utilization by Latina Community Health Center Clients. Health
Education Research, 4, 461-468.
98>39.
Underrepresentation of men in health care visits. Bertakis, Azari, et al.,
2000. By convention, the National Disease and
Therapeutic Index employs the term mentions (including refills and renewal of
prescriptions) to reflect drug usage. The term should not be interpreted as
equivalent to number of patients, visits, or prescriptions.
Bertakis, K. D., Azari, R., Helms, L. J., Callahan, E. J., & Robbins, J. A.
(2000). Gender Differences in the Utilization of Health Care Services.
Journal of Family Practice, 49, 147-152.
99>40. Some
applications of PRECEDE in addressing the socioeconomic gradient in health care
utilization include Barnhoorn & Andriaanse, 1992; Dignan, Michielutte, et
al., 1994; Hiatt, Pasick, et al., 1996; C. B. McCoy, Nielsen, et al., 1991.
*Barnhoorn, F. & Adriaanse, H. (1992).
In search of factors responsible for noncompliance among tuberculosis patients
in Wardha District, India. Social Science & Medicine, 34,
291-306.
*Dignan, M. B., Michielutte, R ., Wells, H. B., & Bahnson, J. (1994).
The Forsyth County Cervical Cancer
Prevention Project--I. Cervical cancer screening for black women. Health
Education Research, 9, 411-420.
*Hiatt, R. A.,
Pasick, R. J., Perez-Stable, E. J., McPhee, S., Engelstad, L., Lee, M.,
Sabogal, F., D’Onofrio, C. N. & Stewart, S. (1996). Pathways to early cancer
detection in the multiethnic population of the San Francisco Bay Area.
Health Education Quarterly, 23 (Suppl.), S10-S27.
*McCoy, C. B.,
Nielsen, B. B., Chitwood, D. D., Zavertnik, J. J., & Khoury, E. L. (1991).
Increasing the cancer screening of the medically underserved in South Florida.
Cancer, 67, 1808-1813.
100>41.
Applications of PRECEDE that have addressed health issues in racial or ethnic
populations include Airhihenbuwa, 1995; Daniel & Green, 1995; Daniel, Green,
et al., 1999; Dedobbeleer & Desjardins, 2001; Dignan, Michielutte, Wells, &
Bahnson, 1995; Doyle, Beatty, & Shaw, 1999; Eng, 1993; Englestad, Bedeian, et
al., 1996; Glanz, Carbone, & Song, 1999; Gottlieb & Green, 1987; Hiatt, Pasick,
et al., 1996; Keith & Doyle, 1998; McGowan & Green, 1995; Modeste, Abbey, &
Hopp, 1984–1985; Neef, Scutchfield, Elder, & Bender, 1991; O’Brien, Smith, Bush,
& Peleg, 1990; Pasick, D'Onofrio, &
Otero-Sabogal,
1996; Sanders-Phillips, 1991; 1996;
Satia-Abouta, J., Patterson, et al., 2002;
Sutherland, Pittman-Sisco, et al.,
1989; Walter & Vaughan, 1993.
*Airhihenbuwa, C. (1995). Health and culture: Beyond the Western paradigm.
Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc..
*Daniel, M., &
Green, L. W. (1995). Application of the Precede-Proceed model in prevention
and control of diabetes: A case illustration from an Aboriginal community.
Diabetes Spectrum, 8, 80-123.
*Daniel, M.,
Green, L. W., Marion, S. A., Gamble, D., Herbert, C. P., Hertzman, C., &
Sheps, S. B. (1999). Effectiveness of community-directed diabetes prevention
and control in a rural Aboriginal population in British Columbia, Canada.
Social Science & Medicine, 48: 815-832.
*Dedobbeleer,
N., & Desjardins, S. (2001). Outcomes of an ecological and participatory
approach to prevent alcohol and other drug abuse among multiethnic
adolescents. Substance Use and Misuse, 36, 1959-1991.
*Doyle, E. I., Beatty, C.F., & Shaw, M. W. (1999). Using cooperative learning
groups to develop health-related cultural awareness. Journal of School
Health, 69, 73-76.
*Engelstad,
L., Bedeian, K., Schorr, K., & Stewart, S. (1996). Pathways to early
detection of cervical cancer for a multiethnic, indigent, emergency department
population. Health Education and Behavior, 23 (Suppl.),
S89-S104.
Glanz, K., Carbone, E., & Song, V.
(1999). Formative research for
developing targeted skin cancer prevention programs for children in
multiethnic Hawaii. Health Education Research, 14, 155-166.
*Gottlieb, N.
H., & Green, L. W. (1987). Ethnicity and lifestyle health risk: Some possible
mechanisms. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2, 37-45.
*Keith, S. E., & Doyle, E. I. (1998).
Using PRECEDE/PROCEED to address diabetes within the Choctaw Nation of
Oklahoma. American Journal of Health Behavior 22, 358-367.
*McGowan,
P., & Green, L. W. (1995). Arthritis self-management in native populations
of British Columbia: An application of health promotion and participatory
research principles in chronic disease control. Canadian Journal of Aging,
14, 201-212.
*Modeste, N. N., Abbey, D. E., & Hopp, J. W.(1984-85).
Hypertension in a Caribbean population. International Quarterly of
Community Health Education, 5, 203-211.
*Neef, N., Scutchfield, F. D., Elder, J. & Bender, S. J. (1991). Testicular
self examination by young men: An analysis of characteristics associated with
practice. Journal of American College Health, 39, 187-190.
*O'Brien, R. W., Smith, S. S., Bush, P. J., & Peleg, E.
(1990). Obesity, self-esteem, and Health Locus of Control in Black youths
during transition to adolescence. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5,
133-139.
*Pasick,
R. J., D'Onofrio, C. N., & Otero-Sabogal, R. (1996).
Similarities and differences across
cultures: questions to inform a third generation for health promotion
research. Health Education Quarterly, 23 (Suppl.), S142-161.
*Sanders-Phillips, K. (1991). A model for health promotion in ethnic minority
families. Wellness Lecture Series. University of California
President's Office, Oakland, CA, Oct. 28.
*Sanders-Phillips, K. (1996). Correlates of health promotion behaviors in
low-income black women and Latinas. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 12, 450-8.
*Satia-Abouta, J., Patterson, R. E., Kristal, A. R., et al. (2002).
Psychosocial predictors of diet and acculturation in Chinese American and
Chinese Canadian women.
Ethnicity & Health, 7, 21-39.
*Sutherland, M., Pittman-Sisco, C., Lacher, T., & Watkins, N. (1987). The
application of a health education planning model to a school based risk
reduction model. Health Education, 18(3), 47-51.
*Walter, H.
J., & Vaughan, R. D. (1993). AIDS risk reduction among a multiethnic sample of
urban high-school students. Journal of the American Medical Association,
270, 725-30.
101>42.
Affluent and white patients receive more information and preventive procedures
from health-care practitioners. Edwards, Burns, et al., 2003;
Sanders-Phillips, 1996.
Edwards, R., Burns, J. A., McElduff, P., Young, R. J., & New, J. P. (2003).
Variations in process and outcomes of diabetes care by socio-economic status
in Salford, UK. Diabetologia. 2003 Jun;46, 750-759. Epub 2003 May 23.
*Sanders-Phillips, K. (1996). Correlates of health promotion behaviors in
low-income black women and Latinas. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 12, 450-8.
105>43. Older
patients have more chronic illnesses, medical visits, and drug prescriptions.
Noble, 2003; Yeo, 1998.
Noble, R. E. (2003). Drug therapy in the elderly.
Metabolism, 52 (10 Suppl 2), 27-30. Review.
*Yeo, M. (1998). Drug-related
illness in older women: Perceptions of factors affecting nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug self-management practices. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation,
University of Calgary, Alberta.
109>44.
Complications of errors in following prescribed regimens are greater for older
patients. Green, Mullen, & Stainbrook, 1986; Noble, 2003. Applications of
PRECEDE in planning and evaluating programs for the elderly include Keintz,
Rimer, et al., 1988; Kemper, 1986; Knazan, 1986; Lian, Gan, et al., 1999;
McGowan & Green, 1995; Morisky, Levine, Green, & Smith, 1982; Oliver-Vazquez,
Sanchez-Ayendez, et al., 1999; 2002; Opdycke, Ascione, et al., 1992; Pichora-Fuller,
1997; Rainey, Mayo, et al., 2000; Rainey & Cason, 2001; Rimer, Jones, et al.,
1983; A. Ryan, 1998; Weinberger et al., 1992; Yeo, 1998; Zapka, Costanza, et
al., 1993; Zapka, Harris, et al., 1993; Zapka, Hosmer, et al., 1992.
*Keintz, M. K., Rimer, B. K., Fleisher, L., & Engstrom, P. (1988). Educating
older adults about their increased cancer risk. Gerontologist, 28,
487-90.
*Kemper,
D. (1986). The Healthwise Program: Growing younger. In K. Dychtwald, (Ed.),
Wellness and Health Promotion for the Elderly,
pp. 263-273.
Rockville, MD: Aspen.
*Knazan, Y.L.
(1986). Application of PRECEDE to dental health promotion for a Canadian
well-elderly population. Gerodontics 2, 180-5.
*Lian, W. M.,
Gan, L., Pin, C. H., Wee, S., & Ye, H. C..
(1999). Determinants of
leisure-time physical activity in an elderly population in Singapore.
American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1578-80.
*Morisky, D. E., Levine, D. M., Green, L. W., & Smith, C. (1982). Health
education program effects on the management of hypertension in the elderly.
Archives of Internal Medicine, 142, 1935-8.
*Oh, H., Kim, Y.
(1993). Planning process of health promotion programs for individuals with
arthritis (in Korean).
Kanhohak Tamgu,
2,
79-99, 100-1.
*Oliver-Vazquez,
M., Sanchez-Ayendez, M., Suarez-Perez, E., Velez-Almodovar, H. (1999).
Planning a breast cancer health promotion: Qualitative and quantitative data
on Puerto Rican elderly women. Promotion and Education, 5, 16-19.
*Oliver-Vazquez,
M.; Sanchez-Ayendez, M.; Suarez-Perez, E.; Velez-Almodovar, H.;
Arroyo-Calderon, Y. (2002).
Breast cancer health promotion model for older Puerto Rican women: Results of
a pilot programme. Health
Promotion International, 17,
3-11.
*Opdycke, R.
A. C., Ascione, F. J., Shimp, L. A., & Rosen, R. I. (1992). A systematic
approach to educating elderly patients about their medications. Patient
Education and Counseling, 19, 43-60.
*Pichora-Fuller,
M. K. (1997). Assistive listening devices in accessibility programs for the
elderly: A health promotion approach (pp.161-202). In R. Lubinski & J.
Higginbothan (Eds.), Communication Technologies for the Elderly.
San Diego: Singular Press.
*Rainey, C. J., Mayo,
R. M., Haley-Zitlin, V., Kemper, K. A., & Cason, K. L. (2000). Nutritional
beliefs, attitudes and practices of elderly, rural, southern women.
Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly, 20(2), 3-27.
*Rainey
C. J., & Cason K. L.
(2001). Nutrition interventions for low-income, elderly women. American
Journal of Health Behavior, 25, 245-51.
*Rimer, B. K.,
Jones, W., Wilson, C., Bennett, D., & Engstrom, P. (1983). Planning a cancer
control program for older citizens. Gerontologist, 23, 384-9.
*Ryan, A.A.
(1998). Medication compliance and older people: A review of the literature. International
Journal of Nursing Studies, 36, 153-62.
*Weinberger,
M., Saunders, A. F. Bearon, L. B., Gold, D. T., Trig Brown, J., Samsa, G. P.,
& Loehrer, P. J. (1992). Physician-related barriers to breast cancer
screening in older women. The Journals of Gerontology, 47(special
issue), 111-7.
*Zapka J.G.,
Costanza, M. E., Harris, D. R., Hosmer, D., Stoddard, A., Barth, R., & Gaw, V.
(1993). Impact of a breast cancer screening community intervention.
Preventive Medicine, 22, 34-53.
Zapka, J. G..,
Harris, D. R., Hosmer, D., Costanza, M. E., Mas, E., & Barth, R. (1993).
Effect of a community health center intervention on breast cancer screening
among Hispanic American women. Health Services Research, 28, 223-35.
Zapka, J. G., Hosmer, D., Costanza, M. E., Harris, D. R., & Stoddard, A.
(1992).
Changes in mammography use: Economic, need, and service factors.
American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1345-51.
110>45.
Limited evidence that continuing medical education will result in
changed practice. See endnotes 1, 11, 19, 26, and 31 above.
Diagnosed Nonusers Who Received Inappropriate Medical Recommendations
113>46. Mixed results still of more recent innovations
in continuing education. Haber, 1994; Han, Baumann, & Cimprich, 1996; K.
V. Mann,
1994; Rootman, 1997; Speller, Evans, & Head, 1997; but promising developments
in more practice-based and participatory research approaches, Cervero, 2003;
Green & Mercer, 2001; Moore, & Pennington, 2003.
Cervero, R. M. (2003). Place matters in physician practice and learning.
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 23, Suppl 1:S10-8.
*Haber,
D. (1994). Medical screenings and health assessments. In D. Haber (Ed.),
Health promotion and aging (pp. 41-76).
New York,
NY: Springer Publishing Company.
*Han, Y., Baumann, L. C., & Cimprich, B. (1996). Factors
influencing registered nurses teaching breast self-examination to female
clients. Cancer Nursing, 19, 197-203.
Mann, K.V. (1994). Educating medical students: Lessons from research in
continuing education. Academic Medicine, 69, 41-47.
Moore, D. E., Jr, & Pennington, F. C. (2003). Practice-based learning and
improvement. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 23,
Suppl 1, S73-80.
Rootman, I. (1997). Continuous quality improvement in health promotion: Some
preliminary thoughts from Canada. Promotion and Education, 4(2): 23-25.
Speller, V., Evans, D., & Head, M. J. (1997). Developing quality assurance
standards for health promotion practice in the UK. Health Promotion
International, 12, 215-224.
116>47. Mass media influence on
medical prescribing and patient demands for drugs. E.g., hormone replacement
therapy (HT) was called into question as to its safety by the Women's Health
Initiative, with much media coverage in 2002; "during the 6-8 months after
publication of Women's Health Initiative trial findings, most regular
postmenopausal HT users tried to stop using HT, despite not being well informed
about the Women's Health Initiative findings" (Ettinger, Grandy, et al., 2003,
p.1225).
Ettinger, B., Grady, D., Tosteson, A. N., Pressman, A., & Macer, J. L. (2003). Effect
of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue
postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 102, 1225-1232.
Nonusers
Who Did Not Obtain a Recommended Treatment
Policy Changes
121>48. Patient education improves patient adherence and
clinical outcomes. P. D. Mullen & Green, 1985. More recent systematic
reviews confirm the benefits in Type 1 diabetes (Loveman, Cave, et al.,
2003); in 63 studies of patient education interventions to control Type 2
diabetes showing improved blood sugar control and weight loss (Gary,
Genkinger, et al., 2003); in 32 studies of educational interventions on
asthma control in children and adolescents showing improved lung function
and feelings of self control, reduced absenteeism from school, number of days
with restricted activity, number of visits to an emergency department, and
possibly number of disturbed nights (Guevara, Wolf, et al., 2003); in 15 trials
of optimum self-management education for adult asthma that produced
reduced hospitalization, ER visits, unscheduled doctor visits and nocturnal
asthma (Powell & Gibson, 2003); in 31 studies (randomized controlled trials) of
patient education with rheumatoid arthritis showing "small short-term
effects on disability, joint counts, patient global assessment, psychological
status and depression" (Riemsma, Kirwan, et al., 2003); in 37 published,
controlled studies that investigated the effectiveness of psychosocial
interventions on quality of life in adult cancer patients (Rehse & Pukrop,
2003); in 95 cohorts receiving behavioral, educational or combined interventions
in 61 studies to improve medication adherence, revealing an increase in
adherence of 4-11% (Peterson, Takiya, & Finley, 2003). Results of two meta
analyses on smoking cessation self-help materials and counseling were not
so conclusive as to effectiveness (Lancaster & Stead, 2002; Wiggers, Smets, et
al., 2003).
Gary TL, Genkinger JM, Guallar E, Peyrot M, Brancati FL. (2003).
Meta-analysis of randomized educational and behavioral interventions in type 2
diabetes. Diabetes Education, 29, 488-501.
Guevara JP, Wolf FM, Grum CM, Clark NM. (2003). Effects of educational
interventions for self management of asthma in children and adolescents:
systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 326,
1308-9. Review.
Lancaster T, Stead LF. (2002). Self-help interventions for smoking
cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2002;(3), CD001118.
Review.
Loveman E, Cave C, Green C, Royle P, Dunn N, Waugh N. (2003).
The clinical and cost-effectiveness of patient education models for
diabetes: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology
Assessment, 7, iii, 1-190. Review.
Nose M, Barbui C, Gray R, Tansella M. (2003). Clinical interventions for
treatment non-adherence in psychosis: meta-analysis. British Journal of
Psychiatry, 183,197-206. Review.
Peterson AM, Takiya L, Finley R. (2003). Meta-analysis of trials of
interventions to improve medication adherence. American Journal of Health
System Pharmacies, 60, 657-65.
Powell H, Gibson PG. (2003). Options for self-management education for
adults with asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003 (1):CD004107.
Review.
Rehse B, Pukrop R. (2003). Effects of psychosocial interventions on
quality of life in adult cancer patients: meta analysis of 37 published
controlled outcome studies. Patient Education & Counseling, 50,
179-186.
Riemsma RP, Kirwan JR, Taal E, Rasker JJ. (2003). Patient education for
adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,
2, CD003688. Review.
Wiggers LC, Smets EM, de Haes JC, Peters RJ, Legemate DA. (2003). Smoking
cessation interventions in cardiovascular patients. European Journal of
Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 26, 467-75.
122>49. Meta-analyses show positive effects of
educational and counseling interventions, but usually no significant differences
between the average effect sizes of different interventions. P. D. Mullen,
Green, & Persinger, 1985; Peterson, Takiya, & Finley, 2003.
Mullen, P. D., Green, L. W., & Persinger, G. (1985). Clinical trials of
patient education for chronic conditions: A comparative meta-analysis of
intervention types. Preventive Medicine, 14, 753-781.
Peterson AM, Takiya L, Finley R. (2003). Meta-analysis of trials of
interventions to improve medication adherence. American Journal of Health
System Pharmacies, 60, 657-65.
Allocation
Decisions
126>50. Community-Oriented Primary Care. Cashman &
Stenger, 2003; Geiger, 2002; Glasser, Holt, et al., 2003; Iliffe & Lenihan,
2003; Mullan & Epstein, 2002.
Cashman SB, Stenger J. (2003). Healthy communities: a natural ally for
community-oriented primary care.
American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1379-1380.
Geiger HJ. (2002). Community-oriented primary care: a path to community
development. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1713-6.
Glasser M, Holt N, Hall K, Mueller B, Norem J, Pickering J, Brown K, Peters K.
(2003). Meeting the needs of rural populations through interdisciplinary
partnerships. Family & Community Health, 26, 230-45.
Iliffe S, Lenihan P. (2003). Integrating primary care and public health:
learning from the community-oriented primary care model. International
Journal of Health Services, 33, 85-98. Review.
Mullan F, Epstein L. (2002). Community-oriented primary care: new
relevance in a changing world.
American Journal of Public Health, 92,
1748-55.
Application of Educational Diagnosis to Individual Patients
127>51. Estimated "noncompliance"
or relapse rates ranging from 20% to 80% first documented in a systematic
review by Haynes, Taylor, & Sackett, 1979; but the increasing prescription of
complex lifestyle modifications (such as weight loss) as the regimen would make
the higher end (80%) closer to the average today than the 20%-50% when the
prescribed regimens were more frequently drugs. The increasing cost of drugs
could also push the nonadherence rate upward.
Haynes, R. B., Taylor,
D. W.,
& Sackett, D. L.(Eds).
(1979). Compliance in Health Care. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press.
130>52. Estimated improvements in outcomes from
systematic educational-behavioral-environmental interventions derive from
systematic reviews of controlled trials, Green, Mullen, & Friedman, 1986;
Mullen, Green, & Persinger, 1985; Mullen, Simons-Morton, et al., 1997; and the
continuing rates of change found in the more recent reviews cited in endnote 50.
Green, L. W., Mullen, P. D., & Friedman, R. (1986). An epidemiological
approach to targeting drug information. Patient Education & Counseling,
8, 255-68.
Mullen, P. D., Green, L. W., & Persinger, G. (1985). Clinical trials of
patient education for chronic conditions: A comparative meta-analysis of
intervention types. Preventive Medicine, 14, 753-81.
Mullen, P. D., Simons-Morton, D. G., Ramirez, G., Frankowski, R. F., Green, L.
W., Mains, D. A. (1997). A meta-analysis of trials evaluating patient
education and counseling for three groups of preventive health behaviors.
Patient Education & Counseling, 32, 157-73.
132>53.
Osteoarthritis program of interventions to reduce pain and increase functioning,
Allegrante, Kovar, et al., 1993; Blake, Allegrante, et al., 2002; Kovar,
Allegrante, et al., 1992; Marks & Allegrante, 2001; Ruchlin, Allegrante, et al.,
1997; Sullivan, Allegrante, et al., 1998; extended to prevention strategies
for younger women (Kasper, Peterson, & Allegrante, 2001), prevention of
hip fractures and other co-morbidities in older patients (Marks &
Allegrante, 2002; Marks, Allegrante, et al., 2003), and patient
education with high-intensity strength training to improve rehabilitation after
hip fracture, yielding
cost-benefit ratios exceeding 4.5 (Ruchlin, Elkin, & Allegrante, 2001).
*Allegrante JP, Kovar PA, MacKenzie CR, Peterson MG, Gutin B. (1993). A
walking education program for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: theory
and intervention strategies. Health Education Quarterly, 20, 63-81.
Blake VA, Allegrante JP, Robbins L, Mancuso CA, Peterson MG, Esdaile JM, Paget
SA, Charlson ME. (2002). Racial differences in social network experience
and perceptions of benefit of arthritis treatments among New York City
Medicare beneficiaries with self-reported hip and knee pain. Arthritis &
Rheumatism, 47, 366-71.
*Kasper MJ, Peterson MG, Allegrante JP. (2001). The need for comprehensive
educational osteoporosis prevention programs for young women: results from a
second osteoporosis prevention survey.
Arthritis & Rheumatism, 45, 28-34.
*Kovar PA, Allegrante JP, MacKenzie CR, Peterson MG, Gutin B, Charlson ME.
(1992). Supervised fitness walking in patients with osteoarthritis of the
knee. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116,
529-34.
Marks, R., & Allegrante, J. P. (2001). Nonoperative
management of osteoarthritis. Critical Reviews in Physical and
Rehabilitative Medicine, 13, 131-58.
Marks R, Allegrante JP. (2002). Comorbid disease profiles of adults with
end-stage hip osteoarthritis. Medical Science Monitor, 8(4), CR305-9.
Marks R, Allegrante JP, Ronald MacKenzie C, Lane JM. (2003). Hip fractures
among the elderly: causes, consequences and control. Ageing Research
Reviews, 2, 57-93. Review.
Ruchlin HS, Elkin EB, Allegrante JP. (2001). The economic impact of a
multifactorial intervention to improve postoperative rehabilitation of hip
fracture patients. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 45, 446-52.
Sullivan T, Allegrante JP, Peterson MG, Kovar PA, MacKenzie CR. (1998).
One-year followup of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee who participated
in a program of supervised fitness walking and supportive patient education.
Arthritis Care & Research, 11, 228-33.
The Relapse Curve
134>54. Typical relapse curve for complex behavioral
changes. Marlatt & Gordon, 1985. See also Allen, Lowman, & Miller, 1996; and
weight control examples: Birketvedt, Thom et al., 2000; Skender, Goodrick,
et al., 1996.
Birketvedt GS, Thom E, Bernersen B, Florholmen J. (2000). Combination of
diet, exercise and intermittent treatment of cimetidine on body weight and
maintenance of weight loss. A 42 months follow-up study. Medical Science
Monitor, 6, 699-703.
Skender ML, Goodrick GK, Del Junco DJ, Reeves RS, Darnell L, Gotto AM, Foreyt
JP. (1996). Comparison of 2-year weight loss trends in behavioral
treatments of obesity: diet, exercise, and combination interventions.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96, 342-6.
135>55. Relapse prevention strategies can change the
level at which the curve bottoms out. Green, Cargo, & Ottoson, 1994. See
further examples and applications of relapse prevention strategies in Conn,
Minor, et al., 2003; Lowe, Windsor, & Woodby, 1997; Secker-Walker, Solomon, &
Mead, 1995.
Conn VS, Minor MA, Burks KJ, Rantz MJ, Pomeroy SH. (2003). Integrative
review of physical activity intervention research with aging adults.
Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 51, 1159-68. Review.
139>56. The first randomized trials testing the PRECEDE
model were in patient care settings for asthma and hypertension.
Green, 1974; Green, Levine, & Deeds, 1975.
*Green, L. W. (1974). Toward cost-benefit evaluations of health education:
Some concepts, methods, and examples. Health Education Monographs, 2 (Suppl.
1), 34-64.
*Green, L. W., Levine, D. M., & Deeds, S. G. (1975). Clinical trials of health
education for hypertensive outpatients: Design and baseline data.
Preventive Medicine, 4, 417-25.
140>57. First randomized trial of PRECEDE application
showed 50% reduction in emergency room visits for asthma in 18-week follow-up,
Green, Werlin, et al., 1977. This trial achieved a 1/7 cost-benefit ratio.
*Green, L. W., Werlin, S. H., Shauffler, H. H., & Avery, C. H. (1977). Research
and demonstration issues in self-care: Measuring the decline of medicocentrism.
Health Education Monographs 5: 161-89; also in J. G. Zapka(Ed.), The
SOPHE heritage collection of Health Education Monographs, vol. 3. Oakland:
Third Party Publishing, 1981, pp. 40-69.
140>58.
Hopkins hypertension trial results showed significantly better blood pressure
control after 18-month follow-up compared with controls. D. M. Levine,
Green, Deeds, et al., 1979; D. M. Levine, Green, Russell, et al., 1979.
*Levine,
D. M., Green, L. W.,. Deeds, S. G., et al. (1979). Health Education for
Hypertensive Patients. Journal of the American Medical Association,
241, 1700-1703.
*Levine, D. M., Green, L. W., Russell, R. P., Morisky, D., Chwalow, A. J., and
Benson, P. (1979). Compliance in hypertension management: What the physician can
do. Practical Cardiology, 5, 151-160.
141>59.
Outcomes correlated with exposure to interventions and mediating or moderating
variables. Green, Levine, & Deeds, 1977; Green, Levine, Wolle, & Deeds,
1979.
Green, L.W., Levine, D.M.,
Wolle, J., Deeds, S. Development of randomized patient education experiments
with urban poor hypertensives. Patient Couns. Health Educ. 1:106 111, 1979.
For listing of published applications of the measure of patient compliance
first presented here, see
http://www.lgreen.net/bibliographies.
142>60. Long-term results
showed 54% reduction in mortality in the hypertension patients. Morisky,
Levine, et al., 1983.
Morisky, D. E.,. Levine, D. M , Green, L. W., Shapiro, S., Russell, R. P., &
Smith, C. R. (1983). Five-year blood-pressure control and mortality following
health education for hypertensive patients. American Journal of Public Health,
73, 153-62.
143>61.
First trial of
PRECEDE with smoking cessation.
V. C. Li, Coates,
et al., 1984.
Li, V. C.,
Coates, T. J., Spielberg, L. A., et al. (1984). Smoking cessation with young
women in public family planning clinics: The impact of physician messages and
waiting room media. Preventive Medicine, 13, 477-89.
144>62.
Further trials of PRECEDE on smoking cessation in pregnant women multiplied the
quit rate by 2 against self-help manuals, by 7 against usual care in the public
health clinic. Windsor, 1984, 1986; Windsor & Cutter, 1983; Windsor et al.,
1985. See also recent adaptations and extensions of this work by Lowe et al.,
1997; Windsor, 2003; with interventions that evolved into the SCRIPT protocol
for smoking cessation in pregnancy (Windsor, 2000), and combined with other
recommendations from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality guidelines,
an intervention that doubled the rate of smoking cessation in Medicaid maternity
clinics (Windsor, Woodby, et al., 2000).
Windsor RA. (2000). Counselling smokers in Medicaid maternity care: the
SCRIPT project. Tobacco Control, 9 (Suppl 1), I62.
Windsor R. (2003). Smoking cessation or reduction in pregnancy treatment
methods: a meta-evaluation of the impact of dissemination. American Journal
of Medical Science, 326, 216-22. Review.
Windsor RA, Woodby LL, Miller TM, Hardin JM, Crawford MA, DiClemente CC.
(2000). Effectiveness of Agency for Health Care Policy
and Research clinical practice guideline and patient education methods for
pregnant smokers in medicaid maternity care. American Journal of Obstetrics
& Gynecology, 82, 68-75.
146>63. Tuberculosis medication dropouts reduced from
73% to 36%. Morisky, Malotte, et al., 1990. For continuing work of
Morisky and his colleagues on this issue, see Morisky, Ebin, et al., 2003;
Morisky, Malotte, et al, 2001.
Morisky DE, Ebin VJ, Malotte CK, Coly A, Kominski G. (2003). Assessment of
tuberculosis treatment completion in an ethnically diverse population using
two data sources. Implications for treatment interventions. Evaluation &
the Health Professions, 26, 43-58.
*Morisky
DE, Malotte CK, Choi P, Davidson P, Rigler S, Sugland B, Langer M. (1990).
A patient education program to improve adherence rates with antituberculosis
drug regimens. Health Education Quarterly, 17, 253-67.
Morisky DE, Malotte CK, Ebin V, Davidson P, Cabrera D, Trout PT, Coly A.
(2001). Behavioral interventions for the control of tuberculosis among
adolescents. Public Health Reports, 116, 568-74.
A Hierarchy of Factors Affecting Self-Care Behavior
152>64. Example of predictive questionnaires for
triaging and staging patients on readiness for change, e.g., Carter et al.,
1986 for immunization; Nielson, Jensen, & Kerns, 2003, for
readiness to adopt specific pain management skills training;
and others developed specifically for analysis of predictors of behavior
using the Precede framework, e.g., for bulimic tendencies, Benson &
Taub, 1993; for breast self-examination, Morrison, 1996; for
mammography screening, Black, Stein, & Loveland-Cherry, 2001; for
cervical cancer screening, Buller, Modiano, et al., 1998; Michielutte,
Dignan, et al., 1999; for compliance with use of protective equipment,
DeJoy, Searcy, et al., 2000; for HIV risk behaviors among injection drug
users, Deren, Kang, et al., 2003. Polcyn, Price, et al., 1991 specifically
validated a questionnaire and the Precede Model for predicting users of
smokeless tobacco.
*Benson, R., &
Taub, D. E. (1993). Using the PRECEDE model for causal analysis of bulimic
tendencies among elite women swimmers: Predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling
causes in educational diagnosis. Journal of Health Education, 24,
360-68.
*Black, M. E.
A., Stein, K. F., & Loveland-Cherry, C. J. (2001). Older women and mammography
screening behavior: Do possible selves contribute? Health Education and
Behavior, 28, 200-16.
*Buller,
D., Modiano, M. R., Guernsey de Zapien, J. , Meister, J., Saltzman, S., &
Hunsaker, F. (1998).
Predictors of cervical cancer screening in Mexican American women of
reproductive age. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved,
9, 76-95.
*DeJoy, D. M., Searcy, C. A., Murphy, L. R., Gershon, R.
R. (2000). Behavioral-diagnostic analysis of compliance with universal
precautions among nurses. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5,
127-41.
*Deren,
S., Kang, S.-Y., Rapkin, B., Robles, R. R., Andia, J. F., & Colon, H. M.
(2003). The
utility of the PRECEDE Model in predicting HIV risk behaviors among Puerto
Rican injection drug users. AIDS & Behavior,
7,:405-412.
*Michielutte,
R., Dignan, M. B., Sharp, P. C., Blinson, K., & Wells, B. (1999).
Psychological factors related to cervical screening among Lumbee women.
American Journal of Health Behavior, 23, 115-27.
*Morrison,
C. (1996). Using PRECEDE to predict
breast self-examination in older, lower-income women.
American Journal of Health
Behavior, 20,
3-14.
Nielson WR, Jensen MP, Kerns RD. (2003). Initial development and
validation of a multidimensional pain readiness to change questionnaire.
The Journal of Pain, 4, 148-58.
*Polcyn, M. M., Price, J. H., Jurs, S. G., & Roberts, S.
M. (1991). Utility of the PRECEDE Model in differentiating users and nonusers
of smokeless tobacco. Journal of School Health, 61, 166-71.
65. Adapting "stages of change" questionnaires by
aligning stages with predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors, e.g.,
for domestic violence, Anderson, 2003; for fitness and physical
activity, Cox, Gorely, et al., 2003; Proper, Van der Beek, et al., 2003.
Anderson C. (2003). Evolving out of violence: an application of the
transtheoretical model of behavioral change. Research & Theory for Nursing
Practice17, 225-40.
Cox KL, Gorely TJ, Puddey IB, Burke V, Beilin LJ. (2003).
Exercise behaviour change in 40 to 65-year-old women: The SWEAT Study
(Sedentary Women Exercise Adherence Trial). British Journal of Health
Psychology, 8, 477-95.
Proper KI, Van Der Beek AJ, Hildebrandt VH, Twisk JW, Van Mechelen W.
(2003). Short term effect of feedback on fitness and health measurements on
self reported appraisal of the stage of change. British Journal of Sports
Medicine, 37, 529-34.
Triage
According to Motivation
154>66.
Individual attention, relevance, and feedback provided in the communication are
better predictors of effective intervention to change prescriptive drug
adherence than are the specific modes or channels of communication.
P. D. Mullen,
Green, & Persinger, 1985. See also Green & Frankish, 1994.
155>67. Same
three principles held up as best predictors of effective intervention to change
lifestyle health practices in patients. Kok, van den Borne, & Mullen, 1997;
P. D. Mullen, Simons-Morton, et al., 1997.
157>68.
Physicians talk more, with more qualifications, and on more
psychosocial rather than strictly biomedical topics with higher socioeconomic
patients (Gordon, Joos, & Byrne, 2000; Roter, Stewart, et al., 1997).
Roter's (1977) original work on measuring the qualities of doctor-patient
interactions was an adaptation of Bale's Interaction Analysis in a PRECEDE-based
study of factors in the activation of patients to ask more questions of their
physician. Her methodology has been validated independently in comparison with
other methods of measuring doctor-patient interactions (Inui, Carter, et al.,
1982; Roter, 2003) and applied extensively in studies of the quality of
physician-patient communications and patient education (e.g., Bensing, Roter, &
Hulsman, 2003; and see the other citations in this and the next two endnotes).
Bensing JM, Roter DL, Hulsman RL. (2003). Communication patterns of
primary care physicians in the United States and the Netherlands. Journal
of General Internal Medicine, 18, 335-42.
Gordon GH, Joos SK, Byrne J. (2000). Physician expressions of uncertainty
during patient encounters. Patient Educ Couns. 2000 Apr;40, (1):59-65.
Inui TS, Carter WB, Kukull WA, Haigh VH. (1982). Outcome-based
doctor-patient interaction anaylsis: I. Comparison of techniques. Med Care,
20, 535-49.
Roter DL. (1977). Patient participation in the patient-provider
interaction: the effects of patient question asking on the quality of
interaction, satisfaction and compliance. Health Education Monographs, 5,
281-315.
Roter DL. (2003). Observations on methodological and measurement
challenges in the assessment of communication during medical exchanges.
Patient Education & Counseling, 50, 17-21. Review.
Roter DL, Stewart M, Putnam SM, Lipkin M Jr, Stiles W, Inui TS. (1997).
Communication patterns of primary care physicians. Journal of the American
Medical Association, 277, 350-6.
158>69. Age and gender characteristics of physicians and
patients that may influence the quality of communication and the interaction
time in primary care visits. Hall & Roter, 2002; Mann, Sripathy, et al.,
2001; Roter, Hall, & Aoki, 2003.
Hall JA, Roter DL. (2002). Do patients talk differently to male and female
physicians? A meta-analytic review. Patient Education & Counseling, 48,
217-24.
Mann S, Sripathy K, Siegler EL, Davidow A, Lipkin M, Roter DL. (2001). The
medical interview: differences between adult and geriatric outpatients.
Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 49, 65-71.
Roter DL, Hall JA, Aoki Y. (2002). Physician gender effects in medical
communication: a meta-analytic review. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 288, 756-64.
70. Racial and ethnic differences between doctors and
their patients produce less time per visit and less interaction at
socioemotional levels. Cooper & Roter, 2003; Cooper, Roter, et al., 2003.
Cooper, L. A., &
Roter, D. L. (2003). Patient-provider communication: The effect of race
and ethnicity on process and outcomes of health care. In Smedley, B. D., Stith,
A. Y., & Nelson, A. R. (Eds.), Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and
ethnic disparities in health care. Committee on Understanding and
Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC:
National Academies Press, 2003, pages 552-593.
Cooper LA, Roter DL, Johnson RL, Ford DE, Steinwachs DM, Powe NR. (2003).
Patient-centered communication, ratings of care, and concordance of patient
and physician race. Annals of Internal Medicine139, 907-15.
Triage According to Enabling Factors
160>71. Anticipatory counseling
on side-effects can be framed to reduce quitting of the regimen at the first
sign of the side-effects. Albright, Binns, & Katz, 2002; Donovan & Jalleh,
2000.
Albright TA, Binns HJ, Katz BZ. (2002). Side effects of and compliance
with malaria prophylaxis in children. Journal of Travel Medicine, 9,
289-92.
Donovan RJ, Jalleh G. (2000). Positive versus negative framing of a
hypothetical infant immunization: the influence of involvement. Health
Education and Behavior, 27, 82-95.
Assessing Reinforcing Factors Necessary for Continued Adherence
161-2>72. Family support for patients' adherence to
medical regimens or advice. E.g., Friese & Wamboldt, 2003; MacIntyre,
Goebel, et al., 2003; and within PRECEDE constructs, Bartholomew, Seilheimer, et
al., 1989; Glanz, Grove, et al., 1999; Lian, Gan, et al., 1999; Morisky, DeMuth,
et al., 1980.
*Bartholomew, L. K., Seilheimer, D. K., Parcel, G. S., Spinelli, S. H., &
Pumariega, A. J. (1989).
“Planning patient education for cystic fibrosis: Application of a diagnostic
framework,”Patient Education and Counseling, 13, 57-68.
Fiese BH, Wamboldt FS. (2003). Tales of pediatric asthma management:
family-based strategies related to medical adherence and health care
utilization. Journal of Pediatrics, 143, 457-62.
*Glanz, K.,
Grove, J., Lerman, C., Gotay, C., & Le Marchand, L. (1999). Correlates of
intentions to obtain genetic counseling and colorectal cancer gene testing
among at-risk relatives from three ethnic groups. Cancer Epidemiology
Biomarkers & Prevention, 8, 329-36.
*Lian, W. M.,
Gan, L., Pin, C. H., Wee, S., & Ye, H. C..
(1999). Determinants of
leisure-time physical activity in an elderly population in Singapore.
American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1578-80.
MacIntyre CR, Goebel K, Brown GV, Skull S, Starr M, Fullinfaw RO. (2003).
A randomised controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of family-based direct
observation of anti-tuberculosis treatment in an urban, developed-country
setting. International Journal of Tuberculosis & Lung Disease, 7,
848-54.
*Morisky, D. E., DeMuth, N. M., Field-Fass, M., Green, L. W., & Levine, D. M.
(1985). Evaluation of family health education to build social support for
long-term control of high blood pressure. Health Education Quarterly, 12,
35-50.
163>73. Presence of a companion during physician
consultations influenced patients to ask more questions. Borgers, Mullen, et
al., 1993. See also the importance of conferring with significant others about
symptoms, and social norms, as factor in the delay in seeking medical diagnosis,
de Nooijer, Lechner, & de Vries, 2001; 2003; Plowden & Miller, 2000..
Borgers R, Mullen PD, Meertens R, Rijken M, Eussen G, Plagge I, Visser AP,
Blijham GH. (1993). The
information-seeking behavior of cancer outpatients: a description of the
situation. Patient Education & Counseling, 22, 35-46.
de Nooijer J, Lechner L, de Vries H. (2001). A qualitative study on
detecting cancer symptoms and seeking medical help; an application of
Andersen's model of total patient delay. Patient Education & Counseling,
42, 145-57.
de Nooijer J, Lechner L, de Vries H. (2003). Social psychological
correlates of paying attention to cancer symptoms and seeking medical help.
Social Science & Medicine, 56, 915-20.
Plowden KO, Miller JL. (2000). Motivators of health seeking behavior in
urban African-American men: an exploration of triggers and barriers.
Journal of the National Black Nurses Association, 11, 15-20.
74. Overcoming deficiencies of extrinsic
reinforcing factors by strengthening predisposing (intrinsic reinforcement) and
enabling factors, E.g., Rimmer, Silverman, et al., 2002; quotation from p.
571, or making the reinforcement more vicarious, Dye, Haley-Zitlin, &
Willoughby, 2003; Zimmerman, et al. 2004 (see also endnote 76 below).
Dye CJ, Haley-Zitlin V, Willoughby D. (2003). Insights from older adults
with type 2 diabetes: making dietary and exercise changes. The Diabetes
Educator, 29, 116-27.
Rimmer JH, Silverman K, Braunschweig C, Quinn L, Liu Y. (2002).
Feasibility of a health promotion intervention for a group of predominantly
African American women with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 28,
571-80.
Zimmerman
RK, Nowalk MP; Bardella IJ; Fine MJ; Janosky JE; Santibanez TA; Wilson SA;
Raymund M. (2004). Physician and practice factors related to influenza
vaccination among the elderly. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26,
1-10.
75. Educational approach to make reinforcing
factors more intrinsic as predisposing factors in the absence of social or
tangible rewards. Green, 1988.
Green, L. W. (1988). The trade-offs between the
expediency of health promotion and the durability of health education. In S.
Maes, C. D. Spielberger, P. B. Defares, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Topics in
Health Psychology (pp. 301-12). New York: Wiley.
76. Vicarious reinforcement through educational
materials and modeling, presenting positive and valued role models.
Curry & Cole, 2001; Siela, 2003.
Curry VJ, Cole M. (2001). Applying social and behavioral theory as a
template in containing and confining VRE. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly,
24, 13-9. Review.
Siela D. (2003). Use of self-efficacy and dyspnea perceptions to predict
functional performance in people with COPD. Rehabilation Nursing, 28,
197-204.
Self-Monitoring
167>77. Model for changing physician and patient behavior in a two-phased
PRECEDE application. Makrides, Veinot, et al., 1997; Mirand, Beehler, et
al., 2002 from the same group at Roswell Park (see endnotes 14 and 15 above).
Makrides L, Veinot PL, Richard J, Allen MJ. (1997). Primary care
physicians and coronary heart disease prevention: a practice model. Patient
Education & Counseling, 32, 207-17.
Changing the Behavior of Health Care Staff
78. Another model emphasizing the physician-organization-patient triad in
prevention, based on PRECEDE: Walsh & McPhee, 1992; and their more recent
reflections on continuing challenges in primary care: Walsh & McPhee, 2002.
Walsh, J. M. E. & McPhee, S. J. (1992). A systems model
of clinical preventive care: An analysis of factors influencing patient and
physician. Health Education Quarterly, 19, 57-175.
Walsh JM, McPhee SJ. (2002). Prevention in the year 2002: some news,
some issues. Primary Care, 29, 727-49, xi.
171>79. Other applications of
PRECEDE relating change in professional practitioners to prevention in patients.
Mahloch et al., 1993; Mann et al., 1996; Schapira et al., 1993; and see
endnotes 9 and 10 above.
Educational and Ecological Diagnosis of Practitioners' Behavior and
Health Care Environments
172>80. Constraints on practice of prevention in primary
care. Bullock, 1999; Easton, Husten, et al., 2001; Friedmann, McCullough, &
Saitz, 2001; Haley, Maheux, et al., 2000; Mann & Putnam, 1990; Mullen & Holcomb, 1990.
Bullock K. (1999). Dental care of patients with substance abuse. Dental
Clinics of North America, 43, 513-26. Review.
Easton A, Husten C, Malarcher A, Elon L, Caraballo R, Ahluwalia I, & Frank E.
(2001). Smoking cessation counseling by primary care women physicians: Women
Physicians' Health Study. Women's Health, 32, 77-91.
Friedmann PD, McCullough D, Saitz R. (2001). Screening and intervention
for illicit drug abuse: a national survey of primary care physicians and
psychiatrists. Archives of Internal Medicine161, 248-51.
Haley N, Maheux B, Rivard M, Gervais A. (2000). Lifestyle health risk
assessment. Do recently trained family physicians do it better? Canadian
Family Physician, 46, 1609-16.
Mullen PD, Holcomb JD. (1990). Selected predictors of health promotion
counseling by three groups of allied health professionals. American Journal
of Preventive Medicine, 6, 153-60.
173>81. Discrepancies among practitioners' preventive
practices, patients' expectations, and best practices guidelines. Beaulieu,
Hudon, et al., 1999; Larson, 2003; Okene & Zapka, 2000.
Beaulieu MD, Hudon E, Roberge D, Pineault R, Forte D, Legare J. (1999).
Practice guidelines for clinical prevention: do patients, physicians and
experts share common ground? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 161,
519-23.
Larson E. (2003). Status of practice guidelines in the United States: CDC
guidelines as an example. Preventive Medicine, 36, 519-24. Review.
Ockene JK, Zapka JG. (2000). Provider education to promote implementation
of clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 118 (2 Suppl), 33S-39S. Review.
Predisposing Factors
177>82. Physicians tend to give less credence to the
importance of counseling on behavioral risk factors for primary prevention than
to their need provide medical screening procedures for secondary prevention
(e.g., Marcell, Halpern-Felsher, et al., 2002). But even with secondary
prevention, they miss on average more than half the opportunities to screen
high-risk patients, for example for colorectal cancer (Taylor, Lessler, et
al., 2003), skin cancer (Geller, Emmons, et al., 2003), mothers and
newborn of unknown HIV risk (Kline & O'Conner, 2003); and cardiovascular
disease (McDermott, Hahn, et al., 2002). See also endnotes 12-15 above.
Geller AC, Emmons K, Brooks DR, Zhang Z, Powers C, Koh HK, Sober AJ, Miller
DR, Li F, Haluska F, Gilchrest BA. (2003). Skin cancer prevention and
detection practices among siblings of patients with melanoma. Journal of
the American Academy of Dermatology, 49, 631-8.
Kline MW, O'Connor KG. (2003). Disparity between pediatricians' knowledge
and practices regarding perinatal human immunodeficiency virus counseling and
testing. Pediatrics, 112, e367.
Marcell AV, Halpern-Felsher B, Coriell M, Millstein SG. (2002).
Physicians' attitudes and beliefs concerning alcohol abuse prevention in
adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22, 49-55.
McDermott MM, Hahn EA, Greenland P, Cella D, Ockene JK, Brogan D, Pearce WH,
Hirsch AT, Hanley K, Odom L, Khan S, Criqui MH, Lipsky MS, Hudgens S.
(2002). Atherosclerotic risk factor reduction in peripheral arterial diseasea:
results of a national physician survey. Journal of General Internal
Medicine, 17, 895-904.
Taylor V, Lessler D, Mertens K, Tu SP, Hart A, Chan N, Shu J, Thompson B.
(2003). Colorectal cancer screening among African Americans: the importance of
physician recommendation. Journal of the National Medical Association, 95,
806-12.
178>83. Improved recognition of
need to intervene on tobacco, obesity, and osteoporosis. E.g., McIlvain,
Backer, et al., 2002; Ogden, Bandara, et al., 2001; Taylor, Sterkel, et al.,
2001.
McIlvain HE, Backer EL, Crabtree BF, Lacy N. (2002). Physician attitudes
and the use of office-based activities for tobacco control. Family
Medicine, 34, 114-9.
Ogden J, Bandara I, Cohen H, Farmer D, Hardie J, Minas H, Moore J, Qureshi S,
Walter F, Whitehead MA. (2001). General practitioners' and patients'
models of obesity: whose problem is it? Patient Education & Counseling, 44,
227-33.
Taylor JC, Sterkel B, Utley M, Shipley M, Newman S, Horton M, Fitz-Clarence H.
(2001). Opinions and experiences in general practice on osteoporosis
prevention, diagnosis and management. Osteoporosis International, 12,
844-8.
180>84. Differences by medical
specialty. Heywood, Firman, et al., 1996; Kline & O'Conner, 2003; McDermot,
Hahn, et al., 2002; Yarzebski, Bujor, et al., 2002.
Kline MW, O'Connor KG. (2003). Disparity between pediatricians' knowledge
and practices regarding perinatal human immunodeficiency virus counseling and
testing. Pediatrics, 112, e367.
Yarzebski J, Bujor CF, Goldberg RJ, Spencer F, Lessard D, Gore JM. (2002).
A community-wide survey of physician practices and attitudes toward
cholesterol management in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction.
Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, 797-804.
85.
Even pediatricians
miss prevention and counseling opportunities and needs. E.g.,
Kline & O'Conner, 2003, p. e367.
Kline MW, O'Connor KG. (2003). Disparity between pediatricians' knowledge
and practices regarding perinatal human immunodeficiency virus counseling and
testing. Pediatrics, 112, e367.
182>86. Attitudes and practices of physicians on
obesity. Hamilton, James, & Bazargan, 2003.
Hamilton JL, James FW, Bazargan M. (2003). Provider practice, overweight
and associated risk variables among children from a multi-ethnic underserved
community. Journal of the National Medical Association, 95, 441-8.
185>87. Practitioners' and patients' beliefs regarding
determinants of health behavior and their own efficacy in changing them.
Hash, Munna, et al., 2003; Love, Davoli, & Thurman, 1996; Ogden, Bandara, et
al., 2001.
Hash RB, Munna RK, Vogel RL, Bason JJ. (2003). Does physician weight
affect perception of health advice? Preventive Medicine, 36, 41-4.
Love MB, Davoli GW, Thurman QC. (1996). Normative beliefs of health
behavior professionals regarding the psychosocial and environmental factors
that influence health behavior change related to smoking cessation, regular
exercise, and weight loss. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10,
371-9.
Ogden J, Bandara I, Cohen H, Farmer D, Hardie J, Minas H, Moore J, Qureshi S,
Walter F, Whitehead MA. (2001). General practitioners' and patients'
models of obesity: whose problem is it? Patient Education & Counseling, 44,
227-33.
192>88. Nurses and allied health professionals face many
of the same opportunities and limitations in approaching complex lifestyle
changes in patients. Brehm, Rourke, & Cassell, 1999; Han, Bauman, & Cimprich,
1996; Health and Welfare Canada, 1992c; Jenny, 1993; Whittemore, Bak, et al.,
2003.
Brehm BJ, Rourke KM, Cassell C. (1999). Training health professionals: a
multidisciplinary team approach in a university-based weight-loss program.
Journal of Allied Health, 28, 226-9.
Lawvere S, Mahoney MC, Englert JJ, Murphy JM, Hyland A, Klein SB, Loewen GM.
(2003). Nurse practitioners' knowledge, practice and attitudes about tobacco
cessation & lung cancer screening. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse
Practitioners, 15, 376-81.
Whittemore R, Bak PS, Melkus GD, Grey M. (2003). Promoting lifestyle
change in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. Journal of the
American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 15, 341-9. Review.
Enabling
Factors
195>89. Reimbursement policies for preventive services
limit effort by practitioners. Fitzner, Caputo, et al., 2003; Pickering,
Clemow, et al., 2003; Tamblyn & Battista, 1993.
Fitzner K, Caputo N, Trendell W, French MV, Bondi MA, Jennings C. (2003).
Recent tax changes may assist treatment of obesity. Managed Care Interface,
16, 47-51, 55.
Pickering T, Clemow L, Davidson K, Gerin W.
(2003). Behavioral cardiology --has its time finally arrived? Mt Sinai
Journal of Medicine, 70, 101-12.
*Tamblyn, R. &
Battista, R. (1993). Changing clinical practice: Which interventions work?
Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 13, 273-288.
197>90. Inadequate patient educational materials in clinical settings.
E.g., Davis, Fredrickson, et al., 2001; McIntosh & Shaw, 2003.
Davis TC, Fredrickson DD, Arnold CL, Cross JT, Humiston SG, Green KW, Bocchini
JA Jr. (2001). Childhood vaccine risk/benefit communication in private
practice office settings: a national survey. Pediatrics, 107 (2), E17.
McIntosh A, Shaw CF. (2003). Barriers to patient information provision in
primary care: patients' and general practitioners' experiences and expectations
of information for low back pain. Health Expectations, 6, 19-29.
198>91. Provider prompting systems to enable
preventive actions. Bookaloo, Bobbin, et al., 2003; Secker-Walker, Solomon,
et al., 1998.
Boekeloo BO, Bobbin MP, Lee WI, Worrell KD, Hamburger EK, Russek-Cohen E.
(2003). Effect of patient priming and primary care
provider prompting on adolescent-provider communication about alcohol.
Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 157, 433-9.
Secker-Walker RH, Solomon LJ, Flynn BS, Skelly JM, Mead PB. (1998).
Smoking relapse prevention during pregnancy. A trial of coordinated
advice from physicians and individual counseling. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 15, 25-31.
200>92. Need for tailoring and multiple
interventions to enable preventive actions in order to address the specific
barriers in a given clinical setting. Cochran systematic review, Hulscher,
Wensing, et al., 2001.
Hulscher ME, Wensing M, van Der Weijden T, Grol R. (2001). Interventions to
implement prevention in primary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, 2001;(1), CD000362. Review.
Reinforcing Factors
201>93. Feedback from colleagues and patients as
reinforcing factors. E.g., Keefe, Thompson, & Noel, 2002; but not
necessarily when the feedback is more punitive and less collaborative, e.g.,
Sandbaek & Kragstrup, 1999.
Keefe CW, Thompson ME, Noel MM. (2002). Medical students, clinical
preventive services, and shared decision-making. Academic Medicine, 77,
1160-1.
Sandbaek A, Kragstrup J. (1999). Randomized controlled trial of the effect
of medical audit on AIDS prevention in general practice. Family Practice, 16,
510-4.
Managed Care
202>94. Managed care organizations have greater potential to make
prevention systematically and organizationally supported. Brugge,
Bagley, & Hyde, 2003; Marcy, Thabault, et al., 2003; Schauffler & Rodriquez,
1993; esp. R. S. Thompson, 1996, 1997, and Thompson, Taplin, McAfee, Mandelson,
& Smith, 1995 accounts of the Group Health Cooperative successes built on an
adaptation of PRECEDE; but the potential is not always realized. E.g.,
Golaszewski, 2000; Gunter, Beaton, et al., 2003.
Brugge D, Bagley J, Hyde J. (2003). Environmental management of asthma at
top-ranked U.S. managed care organizations. Journal of Asthma, 40,
605-14.
Golaszewski T. (2000). The limitations and promise of health education in
managed care. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 402-16. Review.
Gunter MJ, Beaton SJ, Brenneman SK, Chen YT, Abbott TA 3rd, Gleeson JM.
(2003). Management of osteoporosis in women aged 50 and older with
osteoporosis-related fractures in a managed care population. Disease
Management, 6, 83-91.
Marcy TW, Thabault P, Olson J, Tooze JA, Liberty B, Nolan S. (2003). Smoking
status identification: two managed care organizations' experiences with a pilot
project to implement identification systems in independent practice
associations. American Journal of Managed Care, 9, 672-6.
Schauffler HH, McMenamin S, Cubanski J, Hanley HS. (2001). Differences in
the kinds of problems consumers report in staff/group health maintenance
organizations, independent practice association/network health maintenance
organizations, and preferred provider organizations in California. Medical
Care, 39, 15-25.
*Thompson, R. S.
(1996). What have HMOs learned about clinical prevention services? An
examination of the experience at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound.
The Milbank Quarterly, 74, 469-509.
*Thompson, R.
S. (1997). Systems approaches and the delivery of health services (Editorial).
Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 670-1.
203>95. An HMO's success in increasing immunizations. R. S. Thompson,
1997. Also Thompson, Taplin, McAfee, Mandelson, & Smith, 1995.. See, however,
O'Malley & Mandelblatt, 2003, who found that community public health clinics
performed as well on several preventive measures as private physicians' offices
and HMOs.
O'Malley AS, Mandelblatt J. (2003). Delivery of preventive services for
low-income persons over age 50: a comparison of community health clinics to
private doctors' offices. Journal of Community Health, 28, 185-97.
*Thompson, R.
S., Taplin, S. H., McAfee, T. A., Mandelson, M. T., & Smith, A. E. (1995).
Primary and secondary prevention services in clinical practice: Twenty years'
experience in development, implementation, and evaluation. Journal of the
American Medical Association, 273, 1130-5.
204>96. Capitation makes HMOs more cost-containment oriented, and thus
more prevention oriented. E.g., Catalano, Libby, et al., 2000; Cheadle,
Wickizer, et al., 1999.
Catalano R, Libby A, Snowden L, Cuellar AE. (2000). The effect of capitated
financing on mental health services for children and youth: the Colorado
experience. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1861-5.
Cheadle A, Wickizer TM, Franklin G, Cain K, Joesch J, Kyes K, Madden C, Murphy
L, Plaeger-Brockway R, Weaver M. (1999). Evaluation of the Washington State
Workers' Compensation Managed Care Pilot Project II: medical and disability
costs. Medical Care, 37, 982-93.
205>97. HMO advantages in reach with educational materials, counseling,
and organizational arrangements. Golaszewski, 2000; Hickman, Stebbins, et
al., 2003; Lawrence, Watkins, et al., 2003; Parnes, Main, et al., 2002.
Golaszewski T. (2000). The limitations and promise of health education in
managed care. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 402-16. Review.
Hickman DE, Stebbins MR, Hanak JR, Guglielmo BJ. (2003). Pharmacy-based
intervention to reduce antibiotic use for acute bronchitis. The Annals of
Pharmacotherapy, 37, 187-91.
Lawrence JM, Watkins ML, Ershoff D, Petitti DB, Chiu V, Postlethwaite D,
Erickson JD. (2003). Design and evaluation of interventions promoting
periconceptional multivitamin use. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,
25, 17-24.
Parnes B, Main DS, Holcomb S, Pace W. (2002). Tobacco cessation counseling
among underserved patients: a report from CaReNet. Journal of Family
Practice, 51, 65-9.
Complications and
Barriers
209>98. Mutual value of collaborative relationships among health plans,
employers, schools, other community organizations, and physician providers.
Armbruster, 2002; Fielding, Luck, & Tye, 2003; Galvin, 2000; Klein, Sesselberg,
et al., 2003; Mays, Halverson, & Stevens, 2001.
Armbruster P. (2002). The administration of school-based mental health
services. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11,
23-41. Review.
Fielding JE, Luck J, Tye G. (2003). Reinvigorating public health core
functions: restructuring Los Angeles county's public health system. Journal
of Public Health Management & Practice, 9, 7-15.
Galvin DM. (2000). Workplace managed care: collaboration for substance abuse
prevention. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 27,
125-30. Review.
Klein JD, Sesselberg TS, Gawronski B, Handwerker L, Gesten F, Schettine A.
(2003). Improving adolescent preventive services through state, managed care,
and community partnerships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32 (6 Suppl.),
91-7.
Mays GP, Halverson PK, Stevens R. (2001). The contributions of managed care
plans to public health practice: evidence from the nation's largest local health
departments. Public Health Reports, 116 (Suppl. 1), 50-67.
213>99. Collaborative approaches at the system and patient level, applying
PRECEDE. Yingling & Trocino, 1997.
See also Makrides,
Veinot, et al., 1997; R. S. Thompson, 1996; Walsh & McPhee, 1992.
Yingling L, Trocino L. (1997). Strategies to integrate patient and family
education into patient care redesign. AACN Clinical Issues, 8, 246-52. Review.
Summary
Links to recent developments and news items in health care
planning & policy
JANUARY 4-6, 2005 (from the Daily Health Policy Reports of the Henry J.
Kaiser Family Foundation):
WHITE HOUSE NEWS: Bush
Calls on Congress To Approve Medical Malpractice Reform Package Addressing 'Root
Causes' Behind Rising Health Costs
President
Bush To Call for Limits on Medical Malpractice Awards To Reduce Health Costs;
Proposal Could Encounter Roadblocks
President
Bush Promises To Make Medical Liability Reform Legislation a Priority in Second
Term
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS: Eli
Lilly Denies Concealing Documents Linking Prozac to Suicide, Says FDA Had
Materials
Canadian
Health Officials Drafting Plan To Curb Medication Sales to U.S. Residents;
Illinois, Wisconsin Governors Ask Bush To Intervene
Congress
Should Reconsider Issue of Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertisements,
Editorial States
Canada
Might Enact Legislation To Limit Reimportation of Prescription Drugs to United
States
Newspapers
Examine Ongoing Controversy Over Painkillers
PEOPLE: Bush
Appoints
HHS Deputy Secretary Allen as Domestic Policy Adviser
MEDICARE: Some
House Republicans Hope To Revise Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit, Rep. Pence
Says
U.S.
Pharmacopeial Convention Releases List of 146 Classes for Medicare Drug Benefit
Formulary
MEDICAID: Kaiser
Daily Health Policy Report Highlights Medicaid Developments in New York, Iowa
Kaiser
Daily Health Policy Report Highlights State Medicaid Developments
COVERAGE & ACCESS: US
Airways Agrees Not To Eliminate Health Benefits for Retirees
Florida
Seeks To Enroll 72,000 New Children in KidCare Program During Open Enrollment
Period
Treasury
Department Declines To Ease Rules Regarding Unused Funds in Flexible Spending
Accounts
Maine
Governor Praises New DirigoChoice Health Plan Amid Criticism Over Low Enrollment
STATES : California
Regulators Issue Rules Requiring HMOs To Cover Medically Necessary Drugs
Kaiser
Daily Health Policy Report Highlights State Medicaid Developments
FEDERAL LEGISLATION
Kaiser
Daily Health Policy Report Rounds Up Issues on Legislative Agenda for 2005
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Go to Endnotes:
Preface Chap 1
Chap 2 Chap 3 Chap 4 Chap 5
Chap 6 Chap 7
Chap 8 Chap 9
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